{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T01:52:10Z","timestamp":1775613130185,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":135,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,13]],"date-time":"2023-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673568000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"INGV","award":["9999.521 RL2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["9999.521 RL2019"]}]},{"name":"INGV","award":["101000825"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101000825"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme","award":["9999.521 RL2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["9999.521 RL2019"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme","award":["101000825"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101000825"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>It is well established that most of the plastic pollution found in the oceans is transported via rivers. Unfortunately, the main processes contributing to plastic and debris displacement through riparian systems is still poorly understood. The Marine Litter Drifter project from the Arno River aims at using modern consumer software and hardware technologies to track the movements of real anthropogenic marine debris (AMD) from rivers. The innovative \u201cMarine Litter Trackers\u201d (MLT) were utilized as they are reliable, robust, self-powered and they present almost no maintenance costs. Furthermore, they can be built not only by those trained in the field but also by those with no specific expertise, including high school students, simply by following the instructions. Five dispersion experiments were successfully conducted from April 2021 to December 2021, using different types of trackers in different seasons and weather conditions. The maximum distance tracked was 2845 km for a period of 94 days. The activity at sea was integrated by use of Lagrangian numerical models that also assisted in planning the deployments and the recovery of drifters. The observed tracking data in turn were used for calibration and validation, recursively improving their quality. The dynamics of marine litter (ML) dispersion in the Tyrrhenian Sea is also discussed, along with the potential for open-source approaches including the \u201ccitizen science\u201d perspective for both improving big data collection and educating\/awareness-raising on AMD issues.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23020935","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,13]],"date-time":"2023-01-13T05:09:32Z","timestamp":1673586572000},"page":"935","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Marine Litter Tracking System: A Case Study with Open-Source Technology and a Citizen Science-Based Approach"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4537-2903","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvia","family":"Merlino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CNR-ISMAR (Istituto di Scienze Marine-Sede di La Spezia), 19032 La Spezia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2827-5631","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marina","family":"Locritani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Roma 2, 00143 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8162-6571","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Guarnieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Damiano","family":"Delrosso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0276-2813","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Bianucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNR-ISMAR (Istituto di Scienze Marine-Sede di La Spezia), 19032 La Spezia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Paterni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNR-IFC (Istituto di Fisiologia Clinica-Pisa), 56124 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bergmann, M., Gutow, L., and Klages, M. 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