{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T23:07:33Z","timestamp":1773356853229,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,14]],"date-time":"2023-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673654400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000104","name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NNX16AQ99A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNX16AQ99A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000104","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000104","name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#1849525"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#1849525"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000104","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship","award":["NNX16AQ99A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNX16AQ99A"]}]},{"name":"National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship","award":["#1849525"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#1849525"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The alteration of the hydrostatic pressure gradient in the human body has been associated with changes in human physiology, including abnormal blood flow, syncope, and visual impairment. The focus of this study was to evaluate changes in the resonant frequency of a wearable electromagnetic resonant skin patch sensor during simulated physiological changes observed in aerospace applications. Simulated microgravity was induced in eight healthy human participants (n = 8), and the implementation of lower body negative pressure (LBNP) countermeasures was induced in four healthy human participants (n = 4). The average shift in resonant frequency was \u221213.76 \u00b1 6.49 MHz for simulated microgravity with a shift in intracranial pressure (ICP) of 9.53 \u00b1 1.32 mmHg, and a shift of 8.80 \u00b1 5.2097 MHz for LBNP with a shift in ICP of approximately \u22125.83 \u00b1 2.76 mmHg. The constructed regression model to explain the variance in shifts in ICP using the shifts in resonant frequency (R2 = 0.97) resulted in a root mean square error of 1.24. This work demonstrates a strong correlation between sensor signal response and shifts in ICP. Furthermore, this study establishes a foundation for future work integrating wearable sensors with alert systems and countermeasure recommendations for pilots and astronauts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23020985","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,16]],"date-time":"2023-01-16T05:30:07Z","timestamp":1673847007000},"page":"985","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Wearable Sensing System for NonInvasive Monitoring of Intracranial BioFluid Shifts in Aerospace Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8673-6902","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacob L.","family":"Griffith","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS 67260, USA"},{"name":"J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA"}]},{"given":"Kim","family":"Cluff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS 67260, USA"}]},{"given":"Grant M.","family":"Downes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS 67260, USA"},{"name":"Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA"}]},{"given":"Brandon","family":"Eckerman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS 67260, USA"}]},{"given":"Subash","family":"Bhandari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS 67260, USA"},{"name":"Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA"}]},{"given":"Benjamin E.","family":"Loflin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS 67260, USA"},{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA"}]},{"given":"Ryan","family":"Becker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS 67260, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA"}]},{"given":"Fayez","family":"Alruwaili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS 67260, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA"}]},{"given":"Noor","family":"Mohammed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS 67260, USA"},{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.3390\/life4040621","article-title":"Microgravity-Induced Fluid Shift and Ophthalmic Changes","volume":"4","author":"Nelson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Life"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seedhouse, E. (2015). Earthbound and Microgravity Pathophysiology of Increased Intracranial Pressure. Microgravity and Vision Impairments in Astronauts, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-17870-7"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1134\/S0362119713070128","article-title":"Redistribution of bodily fluids under conditions of microgravity and in microgravity models","volume":"39","author":"Noskov","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hum. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Stenger, M.B. (2005). Human Cardiovascular Responses to Artificial Gravity Training. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of Kentucky]."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Howarth, M. (2014). Human Cardiovascular Responses to Artificial Gravity Variables: Ground-Based Experimentation for Spaceflight Implementation. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of Kentucky]."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.3357\/AMHP.4284.2015","article-title":"Spaceflight-Induced Intracranial Hypertension","volume":"86","author":"Michael","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aerosp. Med. Hum. Perform."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.4103\/2348-0548.165039","article-title":"Intracranial pressure monitoring","volume":"2","author":"Abraham","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neuroanaesth. Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2058","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.06.021","article-title":"Optic Disc Edema, Globe Flattening, Choroidal Folds, and Hyperopic Shifts Observed in Astronauts after Long-duration Space Flight","volume":"118","author":"Mader","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00017.2016","article-title":"Spaceflight-Induced Intracranial Hypertension and Visual Impairment: Pathophysiology and Countermeasures","volume":"98","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.3357\/ASEM.3789.2014","article-title":"Intraocular\/Intracranial Pressure Mismatch Hypothesis for Visual Impairment Syndrome in Space","volume":"85","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aviat. Space, Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bj.2020.04.006","article-title":"Point-of-care ultrasound of optic nerve sheath diameter to detect intracranial pressure in neurocritically ill children\u2014A narrative review","volume":"43","author":"Lin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed. J."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2005.103.2.0361","article-title":"Noninvasive assessment of intracranial pressure waveforms by using pulsed phase lock loop technology","volume":"103","author":"Ueno","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2000-15597","article-title":"Non-invasive measurement of intracranial pressure changes by otoacoustic emissions (OAE-s)\u2014A report of preliminary data","volume":"61","author":"Frank","year":"2000","journal-title":"Zent. Neurochir."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.3109\/03005369009077853","article-title":"The relationship between intracranial pressure and tympanic membrane displacement","volume":"24","author":"Reid","year":"1990","journal-title":"Br. J. Audiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00256.2017","article-title":"Lower body negative pressure reduces optic nerve sheath diameter during head-down tilt","volume":"123","author":"Gerlach","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1113\/JP276557","article-title":"Lower body negative pressure to safely reduce intracranial pressure","volume":"597","author":"Petersen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00091.2017","article-title":"Lower-body negative pressure decreases non-invasively measured intracranial pressure and internal jugular vein cross-sectional area during head-down tilt","volume":"123","author":"Watkins","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Griffith, J., Cluff, K., Eckerman, B., Aldrich, J., Becker, R., Moore-Jansen, P., and Patterson, J. (2018). Non-Invasive Electromagnetic Skin Patch Sensor to Measure Intracranial Fluid\u2013Volume Shifts. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18041022"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2017.2723001","article-title":"Passive Wearable Skin Patch Sensor Measures Limb Hemodynamics Based on Electromagnetic Resonance","volume":"65","author":"Cluff","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1109\/TBCAS.2019.2945575","article-title":"A Noninvasive, Electromagnetic, Epidermal Sensing Device for Hemodynamics Monitoring","volume":"13","author":"Mohammed","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Circuits Syst."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohammed, N., Cluff, K., Sutton, M., Villafana-Ibarra, B., Loflin, B.E., Griffith, J.L., Becker, R., Bhandari, S., Alruwaili, F., and Desai, J. (2022). A Flexible Near-Field Biosensor for Multisite Arterial Blood Flow Detection. Sensors, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/s22218389"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/JTEHM.2018.2870589","article-title":"Passive Self Resonant Skin Patch Sensor to Monitor Cardiac Intraventricular Stroke Volume Using Electromagnetic Properties of Blood","volume":"6","author":"Alruwaili","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE J. Transl. Eng. Heal. Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1725","DOI":"10.1080\/10667857.2021.1978637","article-title":"Evaluation of Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF) integrated sensor for physiological temperature detection","volume":"37","author":"Schmidt","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater. Technol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actaastro.2020.01.013","article-title":"Identification of shoulder joint clearance in space suit using electromagnetic resonant spiral proximity sensor for injury prevention","volume":"170","author":"Loflin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Astronaut."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1119\/1.4773441","article-title":"Bound charges and currents","volume":"81","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3206","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2010.2047546","article-title":"Functional Electrical Sensors as Single Component Electrically Open Circuits Having No Electrical Connections","volume":"59","author":"Woodard","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1998.84.2.454","article-title":"Reflex responses to regional venous pooling during lower body negative pressure in humans","volume":"84","author":"Halliwill","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Montgomery, D.C., Peck, E.A., and Vining, G.G. (2012). Introduction to Linear Regression Analysis, John Wiley & Sons."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"2","article-title":"G-induced loss of consciousness: Definition, history, current status","volume":"59","author":"Burton","year":"1988","journal-title":"Aviat. Space Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.3357\/AMHP.4781.2017","article-title":"G-LOC Warning Algorithms Based on EMG Features of the Gastrocnemius Muscle","volume":"88","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aerosp. Med. Hum. Perform."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, S., Choi, B., Cho, T., Lee, Y., Koo, H., and Kim, D. (2017, January 11\u201315). Wearable bio signal monitoring system applied to aviation safety. Proceedings of the 2017 39th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC), Jeju Island, Republic of Korea.","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC.2017.8037327"},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"19","article-title":"EEG correlates of G-induced loss of consciousness","volume":"76","author":"Wilson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Aviat. Space Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohammed, N., Cluff, K., Griffith, J., and Loflin, B. (2019, January 19\u201322). A Non-invasive Wearable Readout System for Bio-fluid Phenomena Detection. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE 16th International Conference on Wearable and Implantable Body Sensor Networks (BSN), Chicago, IL, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/BSN.2019.8771042"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/2\/985\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:06:18Z","timestamp":1760119578000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/2\/985"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,14]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]}},"alternative-id":["s23020985"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s23020985","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,14]]}}}