{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T15:32:32Z","timestamp":1768923152916,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,16]],"date-time":"2023-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673827200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003052","name":"Ministry of Trade, Industry &amp; Energy","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20019301"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20019301"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003052","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003052","name":"Ministry of Trade, Industry &amp; Energy","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["S3196805"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S3196805"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003052","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013129","name":"Ministry of SMEs and Startups","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20019301"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20019301"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013129","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013129","name":"Ministry of SMEs and Startups","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["S3196805"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S3196805"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013129","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We present a 640 \u00d7 480 CMOS image sensor (CIS) with in-circuit bi-directional gamma correction with a proposed digital-correlated double sampling (CDS) structure. To operate the gamma correction in the CIS, the transfer function of the analog-to-digital converter can be changed by controlling the clock frequency of the counter using analog CDS. However, the analog CDS is vulnerable to capacitor mismatch, clock feedthrough, etc. Therefore, we propose a digital-CDS method with a hold-and-go counter structure to operate the bi-directional gamma correction in the CIS. The proposed CIS achieves a 10-bit resolution using a global log-exponential counter and configurable column reset counter with a resolution of 8\/9 bits. The sensor was fabricated in a 0.11 \u03bcm CIS process, and the full chip area was 5.9 mm \u00d7 5.24 mm. The measurement results showed a maximum SNR improvement of 10.41% with the proposed bi-directional gamma-corrected digital-CDS with the hold-and-go counter. The total power consumption was 6.3 mW at a rate of 16.6 frames per second with analog, pixel, and digital supply voltages of 3.3 V, 3.3 V, and 1.5 V, respectively.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23021031","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,16]],"date-time":"2023-01-16T04:57:19Z","timestamp":1673845039000},"page":"1031","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Design of a CMOS Image Sensor with Bi-Directional Gamma-Corrected Digital-Correlated Double Sampling"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Jaehee","family":"Cho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Semiconductor Science, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hyunseon","family":"Choo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Semiconductor Science, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Suhyeon","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Semiconductor Science, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seungju","family":"Yoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Semiconductor Science, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gyuwon","family":"Kam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Semiconductor Science, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3463-5760","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sooyoun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Semiconductor Science, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22132","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2017.2762399","article-title":"A Vector-Quantization Compression Circuit with On-Chip Learning Ability for High-Speed Image Sensor","volume":"5","author":"Huang","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5222","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2016.2562638","article-title":"A Linear-Logarithmic CMOS Image Sensor with Adjustable Dynamic Range","volume":"16","author":"Bae","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. 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Pap."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2012.2226047","article-title":"Efficient Contrast Enhancement Using Adaptive Gamma Correction with Weighting Distribution","volume":"22","author":"Huang","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Image Process."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2019.2959486","article-title":"A 640 \u00d7 640 Fully Dynamic CMOS Image Sensor for Always-On Operation","volume":"55","author":"Park","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE J. 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