{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]],"date-time":"2025-12-24T17:49:44Z","timestamp":1766598584994,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,16]],"date-time":"2023-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673827200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["61601069","2021ZYA04004","KJQN202001110","KJQN201901136","CYS21448","NT2021028","gzlcx20222018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61601069","2021ZYA04004","KJQN202001110","KJQN201901136","CYS21448","NT2021028","gzlcx20222018"]}]},{"name":"China University Industry\u2013University Research Innovation Fund Project","award":["61601069","2021ZYA04004","KJQN202001110","KJQN201901136","CYS21448","NT2021028","gzlcx20222018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61601069","2021ZYA04004","KJQN202001110","KJQN201901136","CYS21448","NT2021028","gzlcx20222018"]}]},{"name":"Scientific and Technological Research Program of Chongqing Municipal Education Commission","award":["61601069","2021ZYA04004","KJQN202001110","KJQN201901136","CYS21448","NT2021028","gzlcx20222018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61601069","2021ZYA04004","KJQN202001110","KJQN201901136","CYS21448","NT2021028","gzlcx20222018"]}]},{"name":"Chongqing Postgraduate Scientific Research Innovation Project","award":["61601069","2021ZYA04004","KJQN202001110","KJQN201901136","CYS21448","NT2021028","gzlcx20222018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61601069","2021ZYA04004","KJQN202001110","KJQN201901136","CYS21448","NT2021028","gzlcx20222018"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Fund of Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","award":["61601069","2021ZYA04004","KJQN202001110","KJQN201901136","CYS21448","NT2021028","gzlcx20222018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61601069","2021ZYA04004","KJQN202001110","KJQN201901136","CYS21448","NT2021028","gzlcx20222018"]}]},{"name":"Graduate Education High Quality Development Project of Chongqing University of Technology","award":["61601069","2021ZYA04004","KJQN202001110","KJQN201901136","CYS21448","NT2021028","gzlcx20222018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61601069","2021ZYA04004","KJQN202001110","KJQN201901136","CYS21448","NT2021028","gzlcx20222018"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Accurate state-of-charge (SOC) estimation is essential for maximizing the lifetime of battery-powered wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Lightweight estimation methods are widely used in WSNs due to their low measurement and computation requirements. However, accuracy of existing lightweight methods is not high, and their adaptability to different batteries and working conditions is relatively poor. This paper proposes a lightweight SOC estimation method, which applies Peukert\u2019s Law to estimate the effective capacity of the battery and then calculates the SOC by subtracting the cumulative current consumption from the estimated capacity. In order to evaluate the proposed method comprehensively, different primary batteries and working conditions (constant current, constant resistance, and emulated duty-cycle loads) are employed. Experimental results show that the proposed method is superior to existing methods for different batteries and working conditions, which mainly benefits from the ability of Peukert\u2019s Law to better model the rate-capacity effect of the batteries.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23021036","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,16]],"date-time":"2023-01-16T05:30:07Z","timestamp":1673847007000},"page":"1036","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Peukert\u2019s Law-Based State-of-Charge Estimation for Primary Battery Powered Sensor Nodes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Hongli","family":"Dai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7488-0491","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China"}]},{"given":"Cheng","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9342-4838","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China"}]},{"given":"Shunren","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2020.3031126","article-title":"Multiagent architecture for bridge capacity measurement system using wireless sensor network and weight in motion","volume":"70","author":"Putra","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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