{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:46:28Z","timestamp":1760147188451,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,17]],"date-time":"2023-01-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673913600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006360","name":"Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate Action (BMWK)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["03ETE013D"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["03ETE013D"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006360","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this study, a new method for the inline measurement of depth profiles on a continuously moving sample with laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy is presented. The ablation profile is generated by ablating the sample with a burst of laser pulses, where the emission spectrum of each laser-induced plasma is analyzed on a spectrometer. A Q-switched Nd:YAG laser at 1064 nm with 10 mJ pulse energy, 6 ns pulse duration and 100 Hz repetition rate was used. The focusing lens for the pulsed laser and a deflection mirror are mounted on a moving stage, which is precisely aligned in height and orientation to the movement of a conveyor belt transporting the sample. The stage speed is actively synchronized to the speed of the moving sample by a wheel encoder to assure that all laser pulses hit the same position at the sample. The feasibility for depth-resolved elemental analysis on moving samples is shown for coatings of electrode foils for lithium-ion batteries. The coating homogeneity was measured at a speed up to 17 m\/min. For a 100 \u03bcm coating, 10 laser pulses were needed to measure a full depth profile.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23031082","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,18]],"date-time":"2023-01-18T01:33:26Z","timestamp":1674005606000},"page":"1082","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Depth-Resolved Elemental Analysis on Moving Electrode Foils with Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Carl","family":"Basler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Physical Measurement Techniques IPM, 79110 Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Moritz","family":"Kappeler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Physical Measurement Techniques IPM, 79110 Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Carl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Physical Measurement Techniques IPM, 79110 Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1002\/phvs.201900004","article-title":"Material Analysis in Fast Industrial Processes by LIBS","volume":"16","author":"Jochum","year":"2019","journal-title":"PhotonicsViews"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Senesi, G.S., Harmon, R.S., and Hark, R.R. (2020). Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sab.2018.05.018","article-title":"Depth-resolved analysis of historical painting model samples by means of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy and handheld X-ray fluorescence","volume":"147","author":"Hradil","year":"2018","journal-title":"Spectrochimica Acta Part B At. Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1039\/A802343C","article-title":"Nanometric range depth-resolved analysis of coated-steels using laser-induced breakdown spectrometry with a 308 nm collimated beam","volume":"13","author":"Vadillo","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Anal. At. Spectrom."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2295","DOI":"10.1039\/C5JA00250H","article-title":"Three-dimensional elemental imaging of Li-ion solid-state electrolytes using fs-laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS)","volume":"30","author":"Hou","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Anal. At. Spectrom."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100990","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nme.2021.100990","article-title":"CF-LIBS quantification and depth profile analysis of Be coating mixed layers","volume":"27","author":"Dwivedi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nucl. Mater. Energy"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2020.147185","article-title":"3-Dimensional analysis of layer structured samples with high depth resolution using picosecond laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy","volume":"532","author":"Yi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1007\/s35144-021-1451-8","article-title":"Beschichtungen ortsaufgel\u00f6st messen","volume":"61","author":"Basler","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Oberfl\u00e4chentechnik"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Basler, C., Brandenburg, A., Michalik, K., and Mory, D. (2019). Comparison of Laser Pulse Duration for the Spatially Resolved Measurement of Coating Thickness with Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19194133"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ifacol.2018.09.427","article-title":"Analytical instrumentation for copper pyrometallurgy: Challenges and opportunities","volume":"51","author":"Torres","year":"2018","journal-title":"IFAC-PapersOnLine"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jones, A., Uggalla, L., Li, K., Fan, Y., Willow, A., Mills, C.A., and Copner, N. (2021). Continuous In-Line Chromium Coating Thickness Measurement Methodologies: An Investigation of Current and Potential Technology. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21103340"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-006-0347-z","article-title":"New approach to online monitoring of the Al depth profile of the hot-dip galvanised sheet steel using LIBS","volume":"385","author":"Balzer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1366\/11-06242","article-title":"Deep ablation and depth profiling by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) employing multi-pulse laser excitation: Application to galvanized steel","volume":"65","author":"Lazic","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7259","DOI":"10.1021\/acsaem.1c01386","article-title":"Calibration-Free Quantitative Analysis of Lithium-Ion Battery (LiB) Electrode Materials Using Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS)","volume":"4","author":"Pamu","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Energy Mater."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Smyrek, P., Zheng, Y., Seifert, H.J., and Pfleging, W. (2016). Laser-Based Micro- and Nanoprocessing X, SPIE."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234101","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4724203","article-title":"Ultrafast laser induced breakdown spectroscopy of electrode\/electrolyte interfaces","volume":"100","author":"Zorba","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5656","DOI":"10.1039\/C8TA10328C","article-title":"Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy for the quantitative measurement of lithium concentration profiles in structured and unstructured electrodes","volume":"7","author":"Smyrek","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A19","DOI":"10.1149\/2.0981514jes","article-title":"Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy of Laser-Structured Li(NiMnCo)O 2 Electrodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries","volume":"163","author":"Smyrek","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A339","DOI":"10.1149\/2.0311802jes","article-title":"Quantifying Inhomogeneity of Lithium Ion Battery Electrodes and Its Influence on Electrochemical Performance","volume":"165","author":"Eller","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kappeler, M., Basler, C., Brandenburg, A., Carl, D., and W\u00f6llenstein, J. (2022). Homogeneity Measurements of Li-Ion Battery Cathodes Using Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy. Sensors, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/s22228816"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Kramida, A., Ralchenko, Y., and Reader, J. (2021). NIST Atomic Spectra Database (Version 5.9), National Institute of Standards and Technology."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/3\/1082\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:08:29Z","timestamp":1760119709000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/3\/1082"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,17]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["s23031082"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s23031082","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,17]]}}}