{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:47:00Z","timestamp":1760147220987,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,17]],"date-time":"2023-01-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673913600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Space Microwave","award":["6142411032201","2020YFB1807400","61571022","61971022","61801376","HTKJ2019KL504013","61424020305"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["6142411032201","2020YFB1807400","61571022","61971022","61801376","HTKJ2019KL504013","61424020305"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["6142411032201","2020YFB1807400","61571022","61971022","61801376","HTKJ2019KL504013","61424020305"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["6142411032201","2020YFB1807400","61571022","61971022","61801376","HTKJ2019KL504013","61424020305"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["6142411032201","2020YFB1807400","61571022","61971022","61801376","HTKJ2019KL504013","61424020305"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["6142411032201","2020YFB1807400","61571022","61971022","61801376","HTKJ2019KL504013","61424020305"]}]},{"name":"Postdoctoral Fellows of \u201cZhuoyue\u201d Program and National Key Laboratory Foundation of China","award":["6142411032201","2020YFB1807400","61571022","61971022","61801376","HTKJ2019KL504013","61424020305"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["6142411032201","2020YFB1807400","61571022","61971022","61801376","HTKJ2019KL504013","61424020305"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Low-pressure discharge causes air ionization resulting in performance degeneration or failure for the satellite sensors in outer space. Here, a one-step Crank-Nicolson Direct-Splitting (CNDS) algorithm is proposed to evaluate the electrical behavior of satellite sensors under the low-pressure discharge circumstance. To be more specific, the CNDS algorithm is proposed in the Lorentz medium, which can accurately analyze the ionized air and generated plasma. Higher order perfectly matched layer (PML) is modified in the Lorentz medium to efficiently terminate the unbounded lattice. It can be concluded that the proposed algorithm shows entire considerable performance in the low-pressure discharge evaluation. The proposed PML formulation behaviors enhanced absorbing performance compared with the existing algorithm. Through the experiments, it can be observed that the low-pressure discharge phenomenon causes performance variation, which shows a significant influence on the satellite sensors. Meanwhile, results show considerable agreement between the simulation and experiment results which indicates the effectiveness of the algorithm.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23031085","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,18]],"date-time":"2023-01-18T01:33:26Z","timestamp":1674005606000},"page":"1085","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["One-Step Crank-Nicolson Direct-Splitting Algorithm with Enhanced Absorption to Evaluate Low-Pressure Discharge for Satellite Sensors in Outer Space"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Yangjing","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Microwave Sensing and Security Applications, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"},{"name":"Xi\u2019an Institute of Space Radio Technology, Xi\u2019an 710100, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8345-1776","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yongjun","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Microwave Sensing and Security Applications, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"},{"name":"Shenzhen Institute of Beihang University, Shenzhen 518000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pu","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xi\u2019an Institute of Space Radio Technology, Xi\u2019an 710100, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2863-9482","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haolin","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic & Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210096, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peiyu","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Microwave Sensing and Security Applications, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"},{"name":"Shenzhen Institute of Beihang University, Shenzhen 518000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1109\/TEMC.2018.2809449","article-title":"Analytic Passive Intermodulation Behavior on the Coaxial Connector Using Monte Carlo Approximation","volume":"60","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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