{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T01:03:41Z","timestamp":1778202221582,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,18]],"date-time":"2023-01-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674000000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001824","name":"Czech Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GA22-04533S"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GA22-04533S"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001824","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001824","name":"Czech Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LM2018110"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LM2018110"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001824","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"CzechNanoLab Research Infrastructure","award":["GA22-04533S"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GA22-04533S"]}]},{"name":"CzechNanoLab Research Infrastructure","award":["LM2018110"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LM2018110"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This work presents the design of a polymer-film-based sensor for gas detection. Different types of polyaniline are used as active layers. The advantages of resistive sensors with PANI layers are easy preparation and low production cost. At room temperature, polymer films have a high sensitivity to gas concentrations. The developed sensor works on the idea of electrical resistance shifting with gas concentration. Three different polymerization solutions are employed to synthesize the polyaniline (PANI) active layers (aqueous solution, sulfuric acid solution, and acetic acid solution). Active layers are evaluated in a controlled environment for their ability to detect ammonia, carbon monoxide, nitrogen monoxide, acetone, toluene, and relative humidity in synthetic air. PANI layers polymerized in acetic acid solutions exhibit good sensitivity toward ammonia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23031106","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,19]],"date-time":"2023-01-19T01:33:51Z","timestamp":1674092031000},"page":"1106","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Gas Sensor with Different Morphology of PANI Layer"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Jiri","family":"Kroutil","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microelectronics, Czech Technical University in Prague, Technicka 2, 166 27 Prague, Czech Republic"}]},{"given":"Alexandr","family":"Laposa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microelectronics, Czech Technical University in Prague, Technicka 2, 166 27 Prague, Czech Republic"}]},{"given":"Vojtech","family":"Povolny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microelectronics, Czech Technical University in Prague, Technicka 2, 166 27 Prague, Czech Republic"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3653-8254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ladislav","family":"Klimsa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Material Analysis, FZU\u2014Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 1999\/2, 182 00 Prague, Czech Republic"}]},{"given":"Miroslav","family":"Husak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microelectronics, Czech Technical University in Prague, Technicka 2, 166 27 Prague, Czech Republic"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1007\/s00706-010-0374-5","article-title":"Study of polyaniline conducting\/electroactive polymer as sensor for some agricultural phosphorus pesticides","volume":"141","author":"Hosseini","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mon. Fur Chem."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-7402.2006.02084.x","article-title":"High-temperature ceramic gas sensors: A review","volume":"3","author":"Akbar","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Ceram. Technol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007380021895","article-title":"An apnea monitor using a rapid-response hygrometer","volume":"13","author":"Tatara","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Clin. Monit."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/0924-4247(95)01014-R","article-title":"Air-flow sensor and humidity sensor application to neonatal infant respiration monitoring","volume":"49","author":"Ma","year":"1995","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, Y., and Ong, K.Y. (2005). Detection Technologies for Chemical Warfare Agents and Toxic Vapors, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9780203485705"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3759","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2018.2811461","article-title":"Performance Evaluation of Low-Cost Flexible Gas Sensor Array with Nanocomposite Polyaniline Films","volume":"18","author":"Kroutil","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gupta, A., and Verma, G. (2022). Nanostructured Gas Sensors, Jenny Stanford Publishing.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781003331230"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"925020","article-title":"Humidity Sensing Properties of Surface Modified Polyaniline Metal Oxide Composites","volume":"2014","author":"Nagaraju","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Eng."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857867","DOI":"10.1351\/pac200274050857","article-title":"Polyaniline. Preparation of a conducting polymer (IUPAC Technical Report)","volume":"74","author":"Stejskal","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pure Appl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2015.05.107","article-title":"Chemiresistive polyaniline-based gas sensors: A mini review","volume":"220","author":"Fratoddi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5017","DOI":"10.1016\/0032-3861(96)00439-9","article-title":"Synthesis, processing and material properties of conjugated polymers","volume":"37","author":"Feast","year":"1996","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.2478\/s11696-012-0301-9","article-title":"Printing polyaniline for sensor applications","volume":"67","author":"Crowley","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chem. Pap."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5387","DOI":"10.1038\/srep05387","article-title":"Fully Roll-to-Roll Gravure Printable Wireless (13.56\u2005MHz) Sensor-Signage Tags for Smart Packaging","volume":"4","author":"Kang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1150d3","DOI":"10.1088\/2053-1591\/ab4e43","article-title":"Polyaniline nanofibers based gas sensor for detection of volatile organic compounds at room temperature","volume":"6","author":"Kashyap","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater. Res. Express"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9616","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2019.2927732","article-title":"Hollow Polyaniline Nanofibers for Highly Sensitive Ammonia Detection Applications","volume":"19","author":"Safe","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2016.08.173","article-title":"Flexible room temperature ammonia sensor based on polyaniline","volume":"240","author":"Kumar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reiner-Rozman, C., Pichler, B., Madi, V., Wei\u00dfenb\u00f6ck, P., Heged\u00fcs, T., Aspermair, P., and Bintinger, J. (2022). Optimization of Printed Polyaniline Composites for Gas Sensing Applications. Sensors, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/s22145379"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Korent, A., \u017dagar Soder\u017enik, K., \u0160turm, S., \u017du\u017eek Ro\u017eman, K., Redon, N., Wojkiewicz, J.-L., and Duc, C. (2020). Facile Fabrication of an Ammonia-Gas Sensor Using Electrochemically Synthesised Polyaniline on Commercial Screen-Printed Three-Electrode Systems. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21010169"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7760","DOI":"10.1007\/s10854-017-6471-z","article-title":"Ammonia gas sensor based on flexible polyaniline films for rapid detection of spoilage in protein-rich foods","volume":"28","author":"Matindoust","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"027007","DOI":"10.1149\/2162-8777\/abe3ce","article-title":"High-Performance PANI-Based Ammonia Gas Sensor Promoted by Surface Nanostructuralization","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"ECS J. Solid State Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128615","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2020.128615","article-title":"Room temperature ammonia gas sensor based on polyaniline\/copper ferrite binary nanocomposites","volume":"322","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, W., Cao, S., Wu, Z., Zhang, M., Cao, Y., Guo, J., Zhong, F., Duan, H., and Jia, D. (2019). High-Performance Gas Sensor of Polyaniline\/Carbon Nanotube Composites Promoted by Interface Engineering. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20010149"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1002\/jrs.3144","article-title":"Resonant Raman spectroscopy and spectroelectrochemistry characterization of carbon nanotubes\/polyaniline thin film obtained through interfacial polymerization","volume":"43","author":"Salvatierra","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Raman Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2013.10.133","article-title":"Raman spectroscopy of polyaniline and oligoaniline thin films","volume":"122","author":"Stejskal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Inzelt, G. (2008). Conducting Polymers: A New Era in Electrochemistry, Springer."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-2670(02)01229-1","article-title":"Polyaniline as a new sensitive layer for gas sensors","volume":"475","year":"2003","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1021\/nl035122e","article-title":"Polyaniline Nanofiber Gas Sensors: Examination of Response Mechanisms","volume":"4","author":"Virji","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012017","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/1664\/1\/012017","article-title":"Hydrothermal Synthesis of Polyaniline Nano-fibers as H2S Gas Sensor","volume":"1664","author":"Akber","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Phys. Conf. Ser."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4005(01)00780-8","article-title":"Acrylic acid doped polyaniline as an ammonia sensor","volume":"77","author":"Chabukswar","year":"2001","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2008.07.022","article-title":"Fabrication of an ammonia gas sensor using inkjet-printed polyaniline nanoparticles","volume":"77","author":"Crowley","year":"2008","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tsf.2010.07.016","article-title":"Flexible, all-organic ammonia sensor based on dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid-doped polyaniline films","volume":"518","author":"Rizzo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Thin Solid Film."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-3057(99)00116-0","article-title":"Ammonia sensitivity of polyaniline films via emulsion polymerization","volume":"36","author":"Wu","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur. Polym. J."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2011.09.017","article-title":"Properties and stability of polyaniline nanofiber ammonia sensors fabricated by novel on-substrate method","volume":"160","author":"Matsuguchi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/3\/1106\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:09:04Z","timestamp":1760119744000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/3\/1106"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,18]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["s23031106"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s23031106","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,18]]}}}