{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T03:32:57Z","timestamp":1773027177578,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,19]],"date-time":"2023-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674086400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Backgound: Metrics for movement smoothness include the number of zero-crossings on the acceleration profile (N0C), the log dimensionless jerk (LDLJ), the normalized averaged rectified jerk (NARJ) and the spectral arc length (SPARC). Sensitivity to the handedness and movement type of these four metrics was compared and correlations with other kinematic parameters were explored in healthy subjects. Methods: Thirty-two healthy participants underwent 3D upper limb motion analysis during two sets of pointing movements on each side. They performed forward- and backward-pointing movements at a self-selected speed to a target located ahead at shoulder height and at 90% arm length, with and without a three-second pause between forward and backward movements. Kinematics were collected, and smoothness metrics were computed. Results: LDLJ, NARJ and N0C found backward movements to be smoother, while SPARC found the opposite. Inter- and intra-subject coefficients of variation were lowest for SPARC. LDLJ, NARJ and N0C were correlated with each other and with movement time, unlike SPARC. Conclusion: There are major differences between smoothness metrics measured in the temporal domain (N0C, LDLJ, NARJ), which depend on movement time, and those measured in the frequency domain, the SPARC, which gave results opposite to the other metrics when comparing backward and forward movements.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23031158","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,19]],"date-time":"2023-01-19T06:22:10Z","timestamp":1674109330000},"page":"1158","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Comparison of Various Smoothness Metrics for Upper Limb Movements in Middle-Aged Healthy Subjects"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3726-2712","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicolas","family":"Bayle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UR 7377 BIOTN, Paris Est Cr\u00e9teil University (UPEC), F-94000 Cr\u00e9teil, France"},{"name":"AP-HP, Service de R\u00e9\u00e9ducation Neurolocomotrice, Unit\u00e9 de Neuror\u00e9\u00e9ducation, H\u00f4pitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, F-94000 Cr\u00e9teil, France"}]},{"given":"Mathieu","family":"Lempereur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U1101 LaTIM, Brest University, F-29200 Brest, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0512-104X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emilie","family":"Hutin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UR 7377 BIOTN, Paris Est Cr\u00e9teil University (UPEC), F-94000 Cr\u00e9teil, France"},{"name":"AP-HP, Service de R\u00e9\u00e9ducation Neurolocomotrice, Unit\u00e9 de Neuror\u00e9\u00e9ducation, H\u00f4pitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, F-94000 Cr\u00e9teil, France"}]},{"given":"Damien","family":"Motavasseli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UR 7377 BIOTN, Paris Est Cr\u00e9teil University (UPEC), F-94000 Cr\u00e9teil, France"},{"name":"AP-HP, Service de R\u00e9\u00e9ducation Neurolocomotrice, Unit\u00e9 de Neuror\u00e9\u00e9ducation, H\u00f4pitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, F-94000 Cr\u00e9teil, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6862-8433","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olivier","family":"Remy-Neris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U1101 LaTIM, Brest University, F-29200 Brest, France"},{"name":"Neurological Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Department, University Hospital of Brest, F-29200 Brest, France"}]},{"given":"Jean-Michel","family":"Gracies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UR 7377 BIOTN, Paris Est Cr\u00e9teil University (UPEC), F-94000 Cr\u00e9teil, France"},{"name":"AP-HP, Service de R\u00e9\u00e9ducation Neurolocomotrice, Unit\u00e9 de Neuror\u00e9\u00e9ducation, H\u00f4pitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, F-94000 Cr\u00e9teil, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3194-2987","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gwena\u00ebl","family":"Cornec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U1101 LaTIM, Brest University, F-29200 Brest, France"},{"name":"Neurological Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Department, University Hospital of Brest, F-29200 Brest, France"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alt Murphy, M., Resteghini, C., Feys, P., and Lamers, I. (2015). An Overview of Systematic Reviews on Upper Extremity Outcome Measures after Stroke. BMC Neurol., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-015-0292-6"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2014.09.016","article-title":"Evaluation of Measures of Upper Limb Functioning and Disability in People With Parkinson Disease: A Systematic Review","volume":"96","author":"Proud","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2014.02.023","article-title":"Upper Limb Assessment in Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review of Outcome Measures and Their Psychometric Properties","volume":"95","author":"Lamers","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.118.023531","article-title":"Systematic Review on Kinematic Assessments of Upper Limb Movements After Stroke","volume":"50","author":"Schwarz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4172\/2155-6105.1000264","article-title":"Movement Smoothness Differentiates Voluntary from Parkinsonian Bradykinesia","volume":"7","author":"Bayle","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Addict. Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2403","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.14851","article-title":"Emerging Concepts on Bradykinesia in Non-parkinsonian Conditions","volume":"28","author":"Paparella","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmrj.2017.06.007","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of AbobotulinumtoxinA (Dysport) for the Treatment of Hemiparesis in Adults with Upper Limb Spasticity Previously Treated with Botulinum Toxin: Subanalysis from a Phase 3 Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"9","author":"Marciniak","year":"2017","journal-title":"PMR"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1688","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.05-07-01688.1985","article-title":"The Coordination of Arm Movements: An Experimentally Confirmed Mathematical Model","volume":"5","author":"Flash","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.3200\/35-09-004-RC","article-title":"Sensitivity of Smoothness Measures to Movement Duration, Amplitude, and Arrests","volume":"41","author":"Hogan","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Mot. Behav."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1123\/mcj.8.4.472","article-title":"Submovements Grow Larger, Fewer, and More Blended during Stroke Recovery","volume":"8","author":"Rohrer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mot. Control."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8297","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.22-18-08297.2002","article-title":"Movement Smoothness Changes during Stroke Recovery","volume":"22","author":"Rohrer","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-015-0090-9","article-title":"On the Analysis of Movement Smoothness","volume":"12","author":"Balasubramanian","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2126","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2011.2179545","article-title":"A Robust and Sensitive Metric for Quantifying Movement Smoothness","volume":"59","author":"Balasubramanian","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/S1050-6411(02)00070-6","article-title":"Measuring Movement Irregularity in the Upper Motor Neurone Syndrome Using Normalised Average Rectified Jerk","volume":"13","author":"Cozens","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Electromyogr. Kinesiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2010.2047600","article-title":"Normalized Movement Quality Measures for Therapeutic Robots Strongly Correlate With Clinical Motor Impairment Measures","volume":"18","author":"Celik","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-021-00949-6","article-title":"Smoothness Metrics for Reaching Performance after Stroke. Part 1: Which One to Choose?","volume":"18","author":"Saes","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1006\/exnr.1997.6507","article-title":"Parkinsonism Reduces Coordination of Fingers, Wrist, and Arm in Fine Motor Control","volume":"146","author":"Teulings","year":"1997","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1038\/35000576","article-title":"Motor Disorder in Huntington\u2019s Disease Begins as a Dysfunction in Error Feedback Control","volume":"403","author":"Smith","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1007\/s004220000201","article-title":"High Curvature and Jerk Analyses of Arm Ataxia","volume":"84","author":"Goldvasser","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biol. Cybern."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2019.04.023","article-title":"Reliability of Upper Limb Movement Quality Metrics during Everyday Tasks","volume":"71","author":"Engdahl","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-021-00937-w","article-title":"Smoothness Metric during Reach-to-Grasp after Stroke: Part 2. Longitudinal Association with Motor Impairment","volume":"18","author":"Saes","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2298","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.01067.2015","article-title":"Progressive Resistance Exercise Restores Some Properties of the Triphasic EMG Pattern and Improves Bradykinesia: The PRET-PD Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"116","author":"David","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-017-0315-1","article-title":"Pattern of Improvement in Upper Limb Pointing Task Kinematics after a 3-Month Training Program with Robotic Assistance in Stroke","volume":"14","author":"Pila","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-021-00895-3","article-title":"How Many Trials Are Needed in Kinematic Analysis of Reach-to-Grasp?\u2014A Study of the Drinking Task in Persons with Stroke and Non-Disabled Controls","volume":"18","author":"Frykberg","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-011-2946-y","article-title":"Dynamic Dominance Varies with Handedness: Reduced Interlimb Asymmetries in Left-Handers","volume":"216","author":"Przybyla","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1515\/tnsci-2020-0189","article-title":"Chopstick Operation Training with the Left Non-Dominant Hand","volume":"12","author":"Sawamura","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20070255","article-title":"Reproducibility and Minimal Detectable Change of Three-Dimensional Kinematic Analysis of Reaching Tasks in People With Hemiparesis After Stroke","volume":"88","author":"Wagner","year":"2008","journal-title":"Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1914","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000132569.33572.75","article-title":"Short-Term Effects of Practice With Trunk Restraint on Reaching Movements in Patients With Chronic Stroke: A Controlled Trial","volume":"35","author":"Michaelsen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"57228","article-title":"Kinematic Analysis Using 3D Motion Capture of Drinking Task in People With and Without Upper-Extremity Impairments","volume":"133","author":"Murphy","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Vis. Exp."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/3\/1158\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:10:40Z","timestamp":1760119840000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/3\/1158"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,19]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["s23031158"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s23031158","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,19]]}}}