{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T13:18:49Z","timestamp":1778937529780,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,19]],"date-time":"2023-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674086400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"SCORE (Smart Control of the Climate Resilience in European Coastal Cities) project","award":["101003534"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101003534"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research","award":["101003534"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101003534"]}]},{"name":"innovation programme","award":["101003534"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101003534"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Water is a basic element of the natural environment and the most important component in human water management. Rainfall is the main source of water. Therefore, determining the amount of precipitation reaching the ground using sensors is crucial information. Precise precipitation data are necessary for better modeling quality, as the observation data from weather stations are used as basics for weather model assessment. The authors compared precipitation from the Hellmann rain gauge (climatic precipitation, 1.0 m above the ground surface) measured throughout the year and the GGI 3000 rain gauge (actual precipitation on the ground level) measured from April to October. Measurement sequences from the years 2011\u20132020 were considered. The data for analysis were obtained from a weather station located in northern Poland. The authors analyzed the relationships between data from the two sensors. A comparative study showed that the measurements of actual precipitation are higher and there are strong relationships between actual and climatic rainfall (r = 0.99). Using the introduced coefficient it is possible to determine the full\u2013year actual precipitation with high probability, taking into account the precipitation with a correction from the winter half-year and the actual precipitation from the summer half-year, which is of great importance in the calculation of the water balance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23031159","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,19]],"date-time":"2023-01-19T06:22:10Z","timestamp":1674109330000},"page":"1159","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Prediction of Actual from Climatic Precipitation with Data Collected from Northern Poland: A Statistical Approach"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8356-7819","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacek","family":"Bara\u0144czuk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Coastal City Living Lab, Faculty of Oceanography and Geography, University of Gdansk, 80 309 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7502-9586","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martina","family":"Zele\u0148\u00e1kov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Circular and Sustainable Construction, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Ko\u0161ice, 042 00 Ko\u0161ice, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3894-6726","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hany F.","family":"Abd-Elhamid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Water and Water Structures Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt"},{"name":"Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Ko\u0161ice, 042 00 Ko\u0161ice, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7555-1873","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Bara\u0144czuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coastal City Living Lab, Faculty of Oceanography and Geography, University of Gdansk, 80 309 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2130-1841","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salem S.","family":"Gharbia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Environmental Research Innovation and Sustainability CERIS, Department of Environmental Science, Atlantic Technological University, F91 YW50 Sligo, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8452-3532","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Bli\u0161\u0165an","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geodesy, Cartography and Geographical Information Systems, Faculty of Mining, Ecology, Process Control and Geotechnologies, Technical University of Ko\u0161ice, 042 00 Ko\u0161ice, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8778-3316","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e9cil J. W.","family":"Meulenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mediterranean Institute for Environmental Studies, Science and Research Centre Koper, 6000 Koper, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5923-9823","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Kumer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mediterranean Institute for Environmental Studies, Science and Research Centre Koper, 6000 Koper, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"W\u0142odzimierz","family":"Golus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coastal City Living Lab, Faculty of Oceanography and Geography, University of Gdansk, 80 309 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9474-1998","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maciej","family":"Markowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coastal City Living Lab, Faculty of Oceanography and Geography, University of Gdansk, 80 309 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2729","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.6986","article-title":"Spatial and temporal variability of rainfall over the Republic of Djibouti from 1946 to 2017","volume":"41","author":"Dabar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. 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