{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T04:51:47Z","timestamp":1773723107747,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,20]],"date-time":"2023-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674172800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41974028"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41974028"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N2201013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N2201013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41974028"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41974028"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N2201013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N2201013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, we propose a new method to quantitatively evaluate the quality of the carrier phase observation signals of the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) during weak and moderate geomagnetic storms. We take a moderate geomagnetic storm that occurred on 12 May 2021 during the 25th solar cycle as an example. The results show that the newly defined PAS (Percentage of Affected Satellites) index shows significant anomaly changes during the moderate geomagnetic storm. Its variation trend has good correlations with the geomagnetic storm Kp index and Dst index. The anomaly stations are mainly distributed in the equatorial region and auroral region in the northern and southern hemispheres. The proposed PAS index has a good indication for both BDS2 and BDS3 satellites. We further validated this index by calculating the Precise Point Position (PPP) positioning error. We found that the anomaly period of PAS has strong consistency with the abnormal period of PPP positioning accuracy. This study could provide methodological support for the evaluation of the signal quality and analysis of positioning accuracy for the BeiDou satellite navigation system under different space weather conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23031183","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,20]],"date-time":"2023-01-20T02:35:55Z","timestamp":1674182155000},"page":"1183","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["A Novel Ionospheric Disturbance Index to Evaluate the Global Effect on BeiDou Navigation Satellite System Signal Caused by the Moderate Geomagnetic Storm on May 12, 2021"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7919-2751","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liming","family":"He","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China"}]},{"given":"Cong","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China"}]},{"given":"Quanyou","family":"Yue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China"}]},{"given":"Shixuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Time Service Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi\u2019an 710600, China"}]},{"given":"Zenghui","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China"}]},{"given":"Junfei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1002\/2017SW001776","article-title":"Midlatitude plasma bubbles over China and adjacent areas during a magnetic storm on 8 September 2017","volume":"16","author":"Aa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Space Weather"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11665","DOI":"10.1029\/97JA01660","article-title":"A comparative study of global ionospheric responses to intense magnetic storm conditions","volume":"103","author":"Szuszczewicz","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. 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