{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T03:12:46Z","timestamp":1774321966802,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":116,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,24]],"date-time":"2023-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674518400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021YFB3200304"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFB3200304"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52073031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52073031"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Z191100001119047"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Z191100001119047"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Z211100002121148"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Z211100002121148"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["E0EG6801X2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E0EG6801X2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021YFB3200304"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFB3200304"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52073031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52073031"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Z191100001119047"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Z191100001119047"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Z211100002121148"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Z211100002121148"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["E0EG6801X2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E0EG6801X2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Beijing Nova Program","award":["2021YFB3200304"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFB3200304"]}]},{"name":"Beijing Nova Program","award":["52073031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52073031"]}]},{"name":"Beijing Nova Program","award":["Z191100001119047"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Z191100001119047"]}]},{"name":"Beijing Nova Program","award":["Z211100002121148"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Z211100002121148"]}]},{"name":"Beijing Nova Program","award":["E0EG6801X2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E0EG6801X2"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021YFB3200304"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFB3200304"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52073031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52073031"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Z191100001119047"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Z191100001119047"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Z211100002121148"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Z211100002121148"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["E0EG6801X2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E0EG6801X2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>With the development of 5G, artificial intelligence, and the Internet of Things, diversified sensors (such as the signal acquisition module) have become more and more important in people\u2019s daily life. According to the extensive use of various distributed wireless sensors, powering them has become a big problem. Among all the powering methods, the self-powered sensor system based on triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) has shown its superiority. This review focuses on four major application areas of wireless sensors based on TENG, including environmental monitoring, human monitoring, industrial production, and daily life. The perspectives and outlook of the future development of self-powered wireless sensors are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23031329","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,25]],"date-time":"2023-01-25T03:23:49Z","timestamp":1674617029000},"page":"1329","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":76,"title":["Recent Progress in Self-Powered Wireless Sensors and Systems Based on TENG"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Yonghai","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center on Nanoenergy Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China"},{"name":"Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0592-0263","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinran","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, China"},{"name":"School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Yichen","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center on Nanoenergy Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China"},{"name":"Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, China"}]},{"given":"Yifei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, China"},{"name":"School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Zhenyu","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center on Nanoenergy Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China"},{"name":"Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, China"}]},{"given":"Liuqi","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center on Nanoenergy Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China"},{"name":"Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, China"}]},{"given":"Ziwei","family":"Huo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, China"},{"name":"School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Yanqiang","family":"Lei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, China"},{"name":"School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2130-7389","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qijun","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center on Nanoenergy Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China"},{"name":"Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, China"},{"name":"School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2022.108137","article-title":"Scalable spinning, winding, and knitting graphene textile TENG for energy harvesting and human motion recognition","volume":"107","author":"Xiong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2019.02.012","article-title":"Entropy theory of distributed energy for internet of things","volume":"58","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5069","DOI":"10.1039\/D2EE02557D","article-title":"Energy Autonomous Paper Modules and Functional Circuits","volume":"15","author":"Han","year":"2022","journal-title":"Energy Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9867378","DOI":"10.34133\/2022\/9867378","article-title":"Emerging Iontronic Sensing: Materials, Mechanisms, and Applications","volume":"2022","author":"Xiong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Research"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2022.107345","article-title":"Kirigami interactive triboelectric mechanologic","volume":"99","author":"Luo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106770","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2021.106770","article-title":"Triboelectric nanogenerator-enabled fully self-powered instantaneous wireless sensor systems","volume":"92","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2022.107582","article-title":"Stretchable Multifunctional Self-powered Systems with Cu-EGaIn Liquid Metal Electrodes","volume":"101","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e9120001","DOI":"10.26599\/NRE.2022.9120001","article-title":"Challenges and prospects of lithium\u2013CO2 batteries","volume":"1","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nano Res. Energy"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106990","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2022.106990","article-title":"A self-regulation strategy for triboelectric nanogenerator and self-powered wind-speed sensor","volume":"95","author":"Zou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e9120037","DOI":"10.26599\/NRE.2022.9120037","article-title":"The pursuit of commercial silicon-based microparticle anodes for advanced lithium-ion batteries: A review","volume":"1","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nano Res. Energy"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e9120007","DOI":"10.26599\/NRE.2022.9120007","article-title":"Photo-enhanced rechargeable high-energy-density metal batteries for solar energy conversion and storage","volume":"1","author":"Xue","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nano Res. Energy"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2012.01.004","article-title":"Flexible triboelectric generator","volume":"1","author":"Fan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1581","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-21890-1","article-title":"Contact-electrification-activated artificial afferents at femtojoule energy","volume":"12","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2208271","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202208271","article-title":"Deep-Learning-Assisted Noncontact Gesture-Recognition System for Touchless Human-Machine Interfaces","volume":"32","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabd9117","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abd9117","article-title":"Bioinspired mechano-photonic artificial synapse based on graphene\/MoS2 heterostructure","volume":"7","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7460","DOI":"10.1007\/s12274-022-4339-x","article-title":"3D printed triboelectric nanogenerator as self-powered human\u2013machine interactive sensor for breathing-based language expression","volume":"15","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nano Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2019.05.073","article-title":"A self-powered multi-broadcasting wireless sensing system realized with an all-in-one triboelectric nanogenerator","volume":"62","author":"Khan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2016.05.048","article-title":"Surface dipole enhanced instantaneous charge pair generation in triboelectric nanogenerator","volume":"26","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6339","DOI":"10.1021\/nl303573d","article-title":"Nanoscale triboelectric-effect-enabled energy conversion for sustainably powering portable electronics","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1021\/nl4001053","article-title":"Toward large-scale energy harvesting by a nanoparticle-enhanced triboelectric nanogenerator","volume":"13","author":"Zhu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2226","DOI":"10.1021\/nl400738p","article-title":"Sliding-triboelectric nanogenerators based on in-plane charge-separation mechanism","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2201813","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.202201813","article-title":"Achieving high power density and durability of sliding mode triboelectric nanogenerator by double charge supplement strategy","volume":"12","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Energy Mater."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107719","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2022.107719","article-title":"Performance enhancement of triboelectric nanogenerators using contact-separation mode in conjunction with the sliding mode and multifunctional application for motion monitoring","volume":"102","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7342","DOI":"10.1021\/nn403021m","article-title":"Single-electrode-based sliding triboelectric nanogenerator for self-powered displacement vector sensor system","volume":"7","author":"Yang","year":"2013","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103920","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2019.103920","article-title":"Actuation and sensor integrated self-powered cantilever system based on TENG technology","volume":"64","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1021\/nn506673x","article-title":"Robust triboelectric nanogenerator based on rolling electrification and electrostatic induction at an instantaneous energy conversion efficiency of ~55%","volume":"9","author":"Lin","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACS nano"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2018.11.043","article-title":"A full-packaged rolling triboelectric-electromagnetic hybrid nanogenerator for energy harvesting and building up self-powered wireless systems","volume":"56","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Z.L., Lin, L., Chen, J., Niu, S., and Zi, Y. (2016). Triboelectric Nanogenerators, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-40039-6"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Z.L., Lin, L., Chen, J., Niu, S., and Zi, Y. (2016). Triboelectric Nanogenerators, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-40039-6"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Z.L., Lin, L., Chen, J., Niu, S., and Zi, Y. (2016). Triboelectric Nanogenerators, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-40039-6"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Z.L., Lin, L., Chen, J., Niu, S., and Zi, Y. (2016). Triboelectric Nanogenerators, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-40039-6"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1600665","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.201600665","article-title":"Triboelectric Nanogenerators Driven Self-Powered Electrochemical Processes for Energy and Environmental Science","volume":"6","author":"Cao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Energy Mater."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2000137","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.202000137","article-title":"Triboelectric Nanogenerator (TENG)\u2014Sparking an Energy and Sensor Revolution","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Energy Mater."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mattod.2019.05.016","article-title":"On the origin of contact-electrification","volume":"30","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater. Today"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"096502","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6633\/ac0a50","article-title":"From contact electrification to triboelectric nanogenerators","volume":"84","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rep. Prog. Phys."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1007\/s40820-022-00981-8","article-title":"Multidiscipline Applications of Triboelectric Nanogenerators for the Intelligent Era of Internet of Things","volume":"15","author":"Cao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nano-Micro Lett."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Z.L., Lin, L., Chen, J., Niu, S., and Zi, Y. (2016). Triboelectric Nanogenerators, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-40039-6"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5765","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.langmuir.6b01282","article-title":"Contact potentials, fermi level equilibration, and surface charging","volume":"32","author":"Peljo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9533","DOI":"10.1021\/nn404614z","article-title":"Triboelectric nanogenerators as new energy technology for self-powered systems and as active mechanical and chemical sensors","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102018","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2020.102018","article-title":"Triboelectric nanogenerator: From alternating current to direct current","volume":"24","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Iscience"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4256","DOI":"10.1063\/1.323412","article-title":"Molecular charge states and contact charge exchange in polymers","volume":"48","author":"Fabish","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mattod.2016.12.001","article-title":"On Maxwell\u2019s displacement current for energy and sensors: The origin of nanogenerators","volume":"20","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mater. Today"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mattod.2021.10.027","article-title":"On the expanded Maxwell\u2019s equations for moving charged media system\u2013General theory, mathematical solutions and applications in TENG","volume":"52","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Today"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3688","DOI":"10.1039\/D2EE01590K","article-title":"Human body IoT systems based on the triboelectrification effect: Energy harvesting, sensing, interfacing and communication","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Energy Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12059","DOI":"10.1002\/eom2.12059","article-title":"Recent progress of triboelectric nanogenerators: From fundamental theory to practical applications","volume":"2","author":"Luo","year":"2020","journal-title":"EcoMat"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2200267","DOI":"10.1002\/adsu.202200267","article-title":"TENG Applications in Transportation and Surrounding Emergency Management","volume":"6","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Sustain. Syst."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32649","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.6b12798","article-title":"Self-Powered, Wireless, Remote Meteorologic Monitoring Based on Triboelectric Nanogenerator Operated by Scavenging Wind Energy","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3954","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.8b01532","article-title":"Self-powered wind sensor system for detecting wind speed and direction based on a triboelectric nanogenerator","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9433","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.8b04654","article-title":"An ultra-low-friction triboelectric\u2013electromagnetic hybrid nanogenerator for rotation energy harvesting and self-powered wind speed sensor","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2022.107412","article-title":"Self-powered wind sensor based on triboelectric nanogenerator for detecting breeze vibration on electric transmission lines","volume":"99","author":"Tang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2102983","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202102983","article-title":"Piezoelectric Nanogenerators Derived Self-powered Sensors for Multifunctional Applications and Artificial Intelligence","volume":"31","author":"Cao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2018.12.062","article-title":"Hybrid piezo\/triboelectric nanogenerator for highly efficient and stable rotation energy harvesting","volume":"57","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2343","DOI":"10.1021\/acsenergylett.1c00704","article-title":"Breeze-Wind-Energy-Powered Autonomous Wireless Anemometer Based on Rolling Contact-Electrification","volume":"6","author":"Fu","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Energy Lett."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2020.105279","article-title":"A novel humidity resisting and wind direction adapting flag-type triboelectric nanogenerator for wind energy harvesting and speed sensing","volume":"78","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D11","DOI":"10.1029\/2007JD009214","article-title":"Rainfall and sampling uncertainties: A rain gauge perspective","volume":"113","author":"Villarini","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1038\/s41378-022-00362-6","article-title":"Raindrop energy-powered autonomous wireless hyetometer based on liquid\u2013solid contact electrification","volume":"8","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microsyst. Nanoeng."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1049\/hve2.12096","article-title":"Hybrid piezo\/triboelectric nanogenerator for stray magnetic energy harvesting and self-powered sensing applications","volume":"6","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"High Volt."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25170","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.9b05915","article-title":"Dynamic analysis to enhance the performance of a rotating-disk-based triboelectric nanogenerator by injected gas","volume":"11","author":"Roh","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2014.07.009","article-title":"Accounting for the occupation of the marine environment as a natural resource in life cycle assessment: An exergy based approach","volume":"91","author":"Taelman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Resour. Conserv. Recycl."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2021.106199","article-title":"Recent progress in blue energy harvesting for powering distributed sensors in ocean","volume":"88","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16368","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.1c05685","article-title":"Triboelectric Nanogenerator for Ocean Wave Graded Energy Harvesting and Condition Monitoring","volume":"15","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1039\/C9SE01184F","article-title":"Triboelectric nanogenerators for a macro-scale blue energy harvesting and self-powered marine environmental monitoring system","volume":"4","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sustain. Energy Fuels"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2201341","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.202201341","article-title":"All-Recyclable Triboelectric Nanogenerator for Sustainable Ocean Monitoring Systems","volume":"12","author":"Ahn","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Energy Mater."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1602397","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.201602397","article-title":"Multifunctional TENG for blue energy scavenging and self-powered wind-speed sensor","volume":"7","author":"Xi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Energy Mater."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7092","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.0c01827","article-title":"Self-powered sensor for quantifying ocean surface water waves based on triboelectric nanogenerator","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2202627","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.202202627","article-title":"Broadband and Output-Controllable Triboelectric Nanogenerator Enabled by Coupling Swing-Rotation Switching Mechanism with Potential Energy Storage\/Release Strategy for Low-Frequency Mechanical Energy Harvesting","volume":"12","author":"Cao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Energy Mater."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2019.04.026","article-title":"Self-powered intelligent buoy system by water wave energy for sustainable and autonomous wireless sensing and data transmission","volume":"61","author":"Xi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2019.104440","article-title":"A chaotic pendulum triboelectric-electromagnetic hybridized nanogenerator for wave energy scavenging and self-powered wireless sensing system","volume":"69","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125019","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0036220","article-title":"A pendulum hybrid generator for water wave energy harvesting and hydrophone-based wireless sensing","volume":"10","author":"Hao","year":"2020","journal-title":"AIP Adv."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y., Miao, X., Niu, L., Jiang, G., and Ma, P. (2019). Human motion recognition of knitted flexible sensor in walking cycle. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20010035"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan, H., Razmjou, A., Ebrahimi Warkiani, M., Kottapalli, A., and Asadnia, M. (2018). Sensitive and flexible polymeric strain sensor for accurate human motion monitoring. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18020418"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108984","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2021.108984","article-title":"Adhesive, stretchable and antibacterial hydrogel with external\/self-power for flexible sensitive sensor used as human motion detection","volume":"220","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Compos. Part B"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10033","DOI":"10.1039\/C8NR02813C","article-title":"A flexible pressure sensor based on rGO\/polyaniline wrapped sponge with tunable sensitivity for human motion detection","volume":"10","author":"Ge","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, D., Sheng, B., Peng, L., Huang, Y., and Ni, Z. (2019). Flexible and optical fiber sensors composited by graphene and PDMS for motion detection. Polymers, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym11091433"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1703700","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201703700","article-title":"Large-area all-textile pressure sensors for monitoring human motion and physiological signals","volume":"29","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vu, C.C., and Kim, J. (2018). Human motion recognition by textile sensors based on machine learning algorithms. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18093109"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1002\/eem2.12041","article-title":"Textile-based strain sensor for human motion detection","volume":"3","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Energy Environ. Mater."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106689","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2021.106689","article-title":"Highly sensitive self-powered pressure and strain sensor based on crumpled MXene film for wireless human motion detection","volume":"92","author":"Cao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1681","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.0c02324","article-title":"Comprehensive review on triboelectric nanogenerator based wrist pulse measurement: Sensor fabrication and diagnosis of arterial pressure","volume":"6","author":"Venugopal","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Sens."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12065","DOI":"10.1002\/eom2.12065","article-title":"Recent trends of biocompatible triboelectric nanogenerators toward self-powered e-skin","volume":"2","author":"Ganesh","year":"2020","journal-title":"EcoMat"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2020.105385","article-title":"Highly stretchable and transparent triboelectric nanogenerator based on multilayer structured stable electrode for self-powered wearable sensor","volume":"78","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2017.09.028","article-title":"Self-powered fall detection system using pressure sensing triboelectric nanogenerators","volume":"41","author":"Jeon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2021.106300","article-title":"Cation functionalized nylon composite nanofibrous mat as a highly positive friction layer for robust, high output triboelectric nanogenerators and self-powered sensors","volume":"88","author":"Rana","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1604462","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201604462","article-title":"Single-thread-based wearable and highly stretchable triboelectric nanogenerators and their applications in cloth-based self-powered human-interactive and biomedical sensing","volume":"27","author":"Lai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2022.107327","article-title":"Self-powered and multi-mode flexible sensing film with patterned conductive network for wireless monitoring in healthcare","volume":"98","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.1007\/s12274-022-4622-x","article-title":"Intrinsically stretchable polymer semiconductor based electronic skin for multiple perceptions of force, temperature, and visible light","volume":"16","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nano Res."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1907893","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201907893","article-title":"Triboelectric Touch-Free Screen Sensor for Noncontact Gesture Recognizing","volume":"30","author":"Tang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e9120008","DOI":"10.26599\/NRE.2022.9120008","article-title":"Progress and prospects of two-dimensional materials for membrane-based osmotic power generation","volume":"1","author":"Safaei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nano Res. Energy"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2206900","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202206900","article-title":"Integrated Self-powered Sensors Based on 2D Material Devices","volume":"32","author":"Huo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaay2840","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aay2840","article-title":"Machine-knitted washable sensor array textile for precise epidermal physiological signal monitoring","volume":"6","author":"Fan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8830","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.7b02975","article-title":"Triboelectric Nanogenerator Enabled Body Sensor Network for Self-Powered Human Heart-Rate Monitoring","volume":"11","author":"Lin","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107511","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2022.107511","article-title":"A self-powered triboelectric MXene-based 3D-printed wearable physiological biosignal sensing system for on-demand, wireless, and real-time health monitoring","volume":"101","author":"Yi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2019.01.063","article-title":"Waist-wearable wireless respiration sensor based on triboelectric effect","volume":"59","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2022.107675","article-title":"Flowing water-based tubular triboelectric nanogenerators for sustainable green energy harvesting","volume":"102","author":"Munirathinam","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2019.104266","article-title":"Battery-free short-range self-powered wireless sensor network (SS-WSN) using TENG based direct sensory transmission (TDST) mechanism","volume":"67","author":"Wen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1807201","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201807201","article-title":"An Ultra-Shapeable, Smart Sensing Platform Based on a Multimodal Ferrofluid-Infused Surface","volume":"31","author":"Ahmed","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1800705","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.201800705","article-title":"Networks of high performance triboelectric nanogenerators based on liquid\u2013solid interface contact electrification for harvesting low-frequency blue energy","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Energy Mater."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2695","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-10433-4","article-title":"A bionic stretchable nanogenerator for underwater sensing and energy harvesting","volume":"10","author":"Zou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, R., Wei, X., Xu, J., Chen, J., Li, B., Wu, Z., and Wang, Z.L. (2021). Smart wearable sensors based on triboelectric nanogenerator for personal healthcare monitoring. Micromachines, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/mi12040352"},{"key":"ref_100","first-page":"6549","article-title":"Health monitoring and fault diagnosis in induction motor-a review","volume":"3","author":"Siddiqui","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Res. Electr. Electron. Instrum. Eng."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1109\/MIE.2013.2287651","article-title":"Trends in fault diagnosis for electrical machines: A review of diagnostic techniques","volume":"8","author":"Henao","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Ind. Electron. Mag."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2022.107209","article-title":"Broadband vibration energy powered autonomous wireless frequency monitoring system based on triboelectric nanogenerators","volume":"98","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201503825","article-title":"Nanostructured materials for room-temperature gas sensors","volume":"28","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2100515","DOI":"10.1002\/smtd.202100515","article-title":"Recent Progress of Nanostructured Sensing Materials from 0D to 3D: Overview of Structure\u2013Property-Application Relationship for Gas Sensors","volume":"5","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Small Methods"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2021.106410","article-title":"Multifunctional poly (vinyl alcohol)\/Ag nanofibers-based triboelectric nanogenerator for self-powered MXene\/tungsten oxide nanohybrid NO2 gas sensor","volume":"89","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2100370","DOI":"10.1002\/adsu.202100370","article-title":"Recent development of hierarchical metal oxides based gas sensors: From gas sensing performance to applications","volume":"6","author":"Yu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Sustain. Syst."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2022.107271","article-title":"A full-set and self-powered ammonia leakage monitor system based on CNTs-PPy and triboelectric nanogenerator for zero-carbon vessels","volume":"98","author":"Chang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105833","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2021.105833","article-title":"Integration of a porous wood-based triboelectric nanogenerator and gas sensor for real-time wireless food-quality assessment","volume":"83","author":"Cai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104819","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2020.104819","article-title":"Wind-driven self-powered wireless environmental sensors for Internet of Things at long distance","volume":"73","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2203428","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202203428","article-title":"Gas-Sensitive Cellulosic Triboelectric Materials for Self-Powered Ammonia Sensing","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104068","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2019.104068","article-title":"Facile fabrication of triboelectric nanogenerator based on low-cost thermoplastic polymeric fabrics for large-area energy harvesting and self-powered sensing","volume":"65","author":"Peng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5133","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.0c20703","article-title":"Energy harvesting floor from commercial cellulosic materials for a self-powered wireless transmission sensor system","volume":"13","author":"Gu","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2019.104419","article-title":"A universal and arbitrary tactile interactive system based on self-powered optical communication","volume":"69","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2113005","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202113005","article-title":"A Siloxene\/Ecoflex Nanocomposite-Based Triboelectric Nanogenerator with Enhanced Charge Retention by MoS2\/LIG for Self-Powered Touchless Sensor Applications","volume":"32","author":"Shrestha","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaay9842","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aay9842","article-title":"Wireless battery-free wearable sweat sensor powered by human motion","volume":"6","author":"Song","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dan, X., Cao, R., Cao, X., Wang, Y., Xiong, Y., Han, J., Luo, L., Yang, J., Xu, N., and Sun, J. (2022). Whirligig-Inspired Hybrid Nanogenerator for Multi-strategy Energy Harvesting. Adv. Fiber Mater.","DOI":"10.1007\/s42765-022-00230-y"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/3\/1329\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:15:02Z","timestamp":1760120102000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/3\/1329"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,24]]},"references-count":116,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["s23031329"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s23031329","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,24]]}}}