{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:48:26Z","timestamp":1760147306725,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,26]],"date-time":"2023-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674691200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000844","name":"European Space Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["WiSAT-3 project","WiSAT-3 project","STAR-Dundee SpaceWire instrumentation of the IntraSAT-Tech Centre","PDI-PFE-CDI 2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WiSAT-3 project","WiSAT-3 project","STAR-Dundee SpaceWire instrumentation of the IntraSAT-Tech Centre","PDI-PFE-CDI 2021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000844","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000844","name":"Control Data Systems SRL","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["WiSAT-3 project","WiSAT-3 project","STAR-Dundee SpaceWire instrumentation of the IntraSAT-Tech Centre","PDI-PFE-CDI 2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WiSAT-3 project","WiSAT-3 project","STAR-Dundee SpaceWire instrumentation of the IntraSAT-Tech Centre","PDI-PFE-CDI 2021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000844","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Technical University of Cluj-Napoca","award":["WiSAT-3 project","WiSAT-3 project","STAR-Dundee SpaceWire instrumentation of the IntraSAT-Tech Centre","PDI-PFE-CDI 2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WiSAT-3 project","WiSAT-3 project","STAR-Dundee SpaceWire instrumentation of the IntraSAT-Tech Centre","PDI-PFE-CDI 2021"]}]},{"name":"38 PFE","award":["WiSAT-3 project","WiSAT-3 project","STAR-Dundee SpaceWire instrumentation of the IntraSAT-Tech Centre","PDI-PFE-CDI 2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WiSAT-3 project","WiSAT-3 project","STAR-Dundee SpaceWire instrumentation of the IntraSAT-Tech Centre","PDI-PFE-CDI 2021"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the context of the Eu:CROPIS mission requirements, this paper aims to test and validate an intra-spacecraft wireless transmission carried between two SpW-to-UWB Wireless Interface Units (WIUs). The WIUs are designed to replace the on-board SpaceWire (SpW) connections of a spacecraft network. The novelty of this solution resides in prototyping and testing proprietary TRL6 WIUs for the implementation of both PDHU and CDHU units, which constitute a spacecraft network. The validation test scenarios employed in this paper were designed under the Eu:CROPIS mission system requirements as defined by the WiSAT-3 European Space Agency (ESA)-funded project. The SpW-to-UWB WIUs run a custom-built ISA100 over an IEEE 802.15.4 UWB PHY layer communication stack. The WIUs are evaluated based on four mission-specific performance test scenarios: (1) the link setup test, (2) the end-to-end delay test, (3) the maximum data rate test and (4) the housekeeping test. The validation test scenarios of the WIUs are carried out with the use of STAR-Dundee SpW-capable equipment. The test results demonstrate the reliability of the deployed SpW-to-UWB WIUs devices for UWB wireless communications carried out within a space shuttle. The SpW data were successfully transmitted across the intra-spacecraft wireless network in all experimental tests. The technology can be considered to be at the maturity level TRL6 (functionality demonstrated in relevant environment) for LEO missions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23031363","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,26]],"date-time":"2023-01-26T02:29:31Z","timestamp":1674700171000},"page":"1363","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["SpaceWire-to-UWB Wireless Interface Units for Intra-spacecraft Communication Links"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4644-5542","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rares-Calin","family":"Buta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Communications Department, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 400114 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Drobczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Avionics Systems Department, German Aerospace Center, 28359 Bremen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5404-2482","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Firchau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Avionics Systems Department, German Aerospace Center, 28359 Bremen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andre","family":"Luebken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Avionics Systems Department, German Aerospace Center, 28359 Bremen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2599-5895","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tudor Petru","family":"Palade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Communications Department, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 400114 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5136-423X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andra","family":"Pastrav","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Communications Department, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 400114 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5635-3011","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emanuel","family":"Puschita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Communications Department, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 400114 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"},{"name":"National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1002\/sat.1307","article-title":"A UWB solution for wireless intra-spacecraft transmissions of sensor and SpaceWire data","volume":"38","author":"Puschita","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Satell. Commun. Netw."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ratiu, O., Panagiotopoulos, N., Vos, S., and Puschita, E. (2018, January 11\u201313). Wireless Transmission of Sensor Data over UWB in Spacecraft Payload Networks. Proceedings of the 2018 6th IEEE International Conference on Wireless for Space and Extreme Environments (WiSEE), Huntsville, AL, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/WiSEE.2018.8637336"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ratiu, O., Rusu, A., Pastrav, A., Palade, T., and Puschita, E. (2016, January 26\u201329). Implementation of an UWB-based module designed for wireless intra-spacecraft communications. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE International Conference on Wireless for Space and Extreme Environments (WiSEE), Aachen, Germany.","DOI":"10.1109\/WiSEE.2016.7877320"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng, W.H., and Armstrong, J.T. (2010, January 15\u201318). Wireless intra-spacecraft communication: The benefits and the challenges. Proceedings of the 2010 NASA\/ESA Conference on Adaptive Hardware and Systems, Anaheim, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/AHS.2010.5546219"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS) (2017). Wireless Network Communications Overview for Space Mission Operations, NASA. Available online: https:\/\/public.ccsds.org\/Pubs\/880x0g3.pdf."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hirose, M., Kobayashi, T., Tomiki, A., and Toda, T. (2014, January 1\u20133). Effects of inner volume on UWB propagation channels within closed spaces. Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE International Conference on Ultra-WideBand (ICUWB), Paris, France.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICUWB.2014.6958952"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Parkes, S. (2017). SpaceWire User Guide, STAR-Dundee Limited. Available online: https:\/\/www.star-dundee.com\/knowledge-base\/spacewire-users-guide."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"decaWave (2017). DW1000 User Manual, decaWave. Available online: https:\/\/www.decawave.com\/sites\/default\/files\/resources\/dw1000_user_manual_2.11.pdf."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pelissou, P., Lachaud, R., Dallemagne, P., Decotignie, J.-D., and Dufour, J.-F. (2014, January 30\u201331). Simulated IEEE 802 15.4a BER results (multipath and coexistence) in the spacecraft environment. Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE International Conference on Wireless for Space and Extreme Environments (WiSEE), Noordwijk, The Netherlands.","DOI":"10.1109\/WiSEE.2014.6973082"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buta, R.C., Kirei, B.S., Codau, C., Pastrav, A., Farcas, C., Simedroni, R., Dolea, P., Palade, T., and Puschita, E. (2021, January 26\u201328). Design and Validation of an SpW Converter for Intra-Spacecraft Communications. Proceedings of the 2021 44th International Conference on Telecommunications and Signal Processing (TSP), Brno, Czech Republic.","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP52935.2021.9522627"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Codau, C., Buta, R.C., Kirei, B.S., Pastrav, A., Simedroni, R., Dolea, P., Palade, T., Hedesiu, H., and Puschita, E. (2021, January 26\u201328). Design and Validation of a Wireless Bridge for Intra-Spacecraft Communications. Proceedings of the 2021 44th International Conference on Telecommunications and Signal Processing (TSP), Brno, Czech Republic.","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP52935.2021.9522609"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Drobczyk, M., and Martens, H. (November, January 30). A study on low-latency wireless sensing in time-critical satellite applications. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE SENSORS, Orlando, FL, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSENS.2016.7808889"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beesterm\u00f6ller, H.J., Sebald, J., Sinnreich, M.C., Borchers, H.J., Schneider, M., Luttmann, H., and Schmid, V. (2015, January 7\u20139). Wireless-Sensor Networks in Space Technology Demonstration on ISS. Proceedings of the 12. Dresdner Sensor-Symposium 2015, Dresden, Germany.","DOI":"10.5162\/12dss2015\/7.3"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Drobczyk, M., Strowik, C., and Philpot, C. (2017, January 19\u201322). A Wireless Communication and Positioning Experiment for the ISS Based on IR-UWB. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC), San Francisco, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/WCNC.2017.7925487"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Z., Junshe, A., Yifang, X., and Weiming, X. (2014, January 30\u201331). A protocol designed for intra-spacecraft impulse radio ultra-wideband communications. Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE International Conference on Wireless for Space and Extreme Environments (WiSEE), Noordwijk, The Netherlands.","DOI":"10.1109\/WiSEE.2014.6973080"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lubken, A., Drobczyk, M., and Budroweit, J. (2020, January 12\u201314). Characterization of an IR-UWB Transceiver Under Radiation Conditions. Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE International Conference on Wireless for Space and Extreme Environments (WiSEE), Vicenza, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/WiSEE44079.2020.9262654"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Drobczyk, M., L\u00fcbken, A., Strowik, C., Kulau, U., Rust, J., Beringer, J., and Albrecht, U.V. (2021, January 12\u201314). Wireless Compose-2: A wireless communication network with a Ballistocardiography Smart-Shirt experiment in the ISS Columbus module. Proceedings of the 2021 IEEE International Conference on Wireless for Space and Extreme Environments (WiSEE), Cleveland, OH, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/WiSEE50203.2021.9613824"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lubken, A., and Drobczyk, M. (2019, January 16\u201318). Maximizing Throughput in Deterministic and Low Latency Intra-Spacecraft UWB Sensor Networks. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE International Conference on Wireless for Space and Extreme Environments (WiSEE), Ottawa, ON, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/WiSEE.2019.8920312"},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"European Space Agency (ESA) (2022). Wireless Communications Bus for Satellite Applications Phase 3 (WiSAT-3), European Space Agency (ESA). Executive Summary Report (ESR)."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van den Heuvel, J.H.C., Romme, J., Dufour, J.F., Dolmans, G., Kiyani, N.F., Philips, K., and de Groot, H. (2013, January 9\u201313). UWB radio channel characterization and design for intra spacecraft communication. Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC), Budapest, Hungary.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC.2013.6655431"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"(2022, September 12). DW1000 Solution, DecaWave Technology Home Page. 2018, Available online: http:\/\/www.decawave.com\/technology."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"(2009). Wireless Systems for Industry Automation: Process Control and Related Applications (Standard No. ISA-100.11a)."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS) (2010). Wireless Network Communications Overview for Space Mission Operations, CCSDS Secretariat. Informational Report; CCSDS 880.0-G-1, Issue 1, Report Concerning Space Data System Standards."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/3\/1363\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:15:52Z","timestamp":1760120152000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/3\/1363"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,26]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["s23031363"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s23031363","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,26]]}}}