{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T21:31:36Z","timestamp":1773091896578,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,26]],"date-time":"2023-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674691200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000070","name":"National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering of the National Institute of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RO1-EB003268"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RO1-EB003268"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000070","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000070","name":"National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering of the National Institute of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FDN 154272"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FDN 154272"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000070","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000070","name":"National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering of the National Institute of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PGSD3-547410-2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PGSD3-547410-2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000070","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RO1-EB003268"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RO1-EB003268"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FDN 154272"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FDN 154272"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PGSD3-547410-2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PGSD3-547410-2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Temerty Chair in Focused Ultrasound Research at Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre and the Canada Research Chair Program","award":["RO1-EB003268"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RO1-EB003268"]}]},{"name":"Temerty Chair in Focused Ultrasound Research at Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre and the Canada Research Chair Program","award":["FDN 154272"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FDN 154272"]}]},{"name":"Temerty Chair in Focused Ultrasound Research at Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre and the Canada Research Chair Program","award":["PGSD3-547410-2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PGSD3-547410-2020"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Alexander Graham Bell Canada Graduate Scholarship","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RO1-EB003268"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RO1-EB003268"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Alexander Graham Bell Canada Graduate Scholarship","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FDN 154272"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FDN 154272"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Alexander Graham Bell Canada Graduate Scholarship","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PGSD3-547410-2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PGSD3-547410-2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The real-time monitoring of spectral characteristics of microbubble (MB) acoustic emissions permits the prediction of increases in blood\u2013brain barrier (BBB) permeability and of tissue damage in MB-mediated focused ultrasound (FUS) brain therapy. Single-element passive cavitation detectors provide limited spatial information regarding MB activity, greatly affecting the performance of acoustic control. However, an array of receivers can be used to spatially map cavitation events and thus improve treatment control. The spectral content of the acoustic emissions provides additional information that can be correlated with the bio-effects, and wideband receivers can thus provide the most complete spectral information. Here, we develop a miniature polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF thickness = 110 \u03bcm, active area = 1.2 mm2) broadband receiver for the acoustic monitoring of MBs. The receiver has superior sensitivity (2.36\u20133.87 V\/MPa) to those of a commercial fibre-optic hydrophone in the low megahertz frequency range (0.51\u20135.4 MHz). The receiver also has a wide \u22126 dB acceptance angle (54 degrees at 1.1 MHz and 13 degrees at 5.4 MHz) and the ability to detect subharmonic and higher harmonic MB emissions in phantoms. The overall acoustic performance of this low-cost receiver indicates its suitability for the eventual use within an array for MB monitoring and mapping in preclinical studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23031369","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,26]],"date-time":"2023-01-26T03:05:14Z","timestamp":1674702314000},"page":"1369","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["A PVDF Receiver for Acoustic Monitoring of Microbubble-Mediated Ultrasound Brain Therapy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Yi","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada"}]},{"given":"Meaghan A.","family":"O\u2019Reilly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada"},{"name":"Physical Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6219-2982","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kullervo","family":"Hynynen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada"},{"name":"Physical Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada"},{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2004.04.010","article-title":"Cellular mechanisms of the blood-brain barrier opening induced by ultrasound in presence of microbubbles","volume":"30","author":"Sheikov","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med. 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