{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T08:14:44Z","timestamp":1768292084281,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,27]],"date-time":"2023-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674777600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","award":["CPG-163967"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CPG-163967"]}]},{"name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","award":["RGPIN 2018-05046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN 2018-05046"]}]},{"name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC)","award":["CPG-163967"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CPG-163967"]}]},{"name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC)","award":["RGPIN 2018-05046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN 2018-05046"]}]},{"name":"Discovery","award":["CPG-163967"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CPG-163967"]}]},{"name":"Discovery","award":["RGPIN 2018-05046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN 2018-05046"]}]},{"name":"Loo Geok Eng Foundation Scholarship","award":["CPG-163967"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CPG-163967"]}]},{"name":"Loo Geok Eng Foundation Scholarship","award":["RGPIN 2018-05046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN 2018-05046"]}]},{"name":"Kimel Family Graduate Student Scholarship in Pediatric Rehabilitation","award":["CPG-163967"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CPG-163967"]}]},{"name":"Kimel Family Graduate Student Scholarship in Pediatric Rehabilitation","award":["RGPIN 2018-05046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN 2018-05046"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Wearable sensors allow for the objective analysis of gait and motion both in and outside the clinical setting. However, it remains a challenge to apply such systems to highly diverse patient populations, including individuals with lower-limb amputations (LLA) that present with unique gait deviations and rehabilitation goals. This paper presents the development of a novel method using continuous gyroscope data from a single inertial sensor for person-specific classification of gait changes from a physiotherapist-led gait training session. Gyroscope data at the thigh were collected using a wearable gait analysis system for five LLA before, during, and after completing a gait training session. Data from able-bodied participants receiving no intervention were also collected. Models using dynamic time warping (DTW) and Euclidean distance in combination with the nearest neighbor classifier were applied to the gyroscope data to classify the pre- and post-training gait. The model achieved an accuracy of 98.65% \u00b1 0.69 (Euclidean) and 98.98% \u00b1 0.83 (DTW) on pre-training and 95.45% \u00b1 6.20 (Euclidean) and 94.18% \u00b1 5.77 (DTW) on post-training data across the participants whose gait changed significantly during their session. This study provides preliminary evidence that continuous angular velocity data from a single gyroscope could be used to assess changes in amputee gait. This supports future research and the development of wearable gait analysis and feedback systems that are adaptable to a broad range of mobility impairments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23031412","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,30]],"date-time":"2023-01-30T02:01:18Z","timestamp":1675044078000},"page":"1412","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Classifying Changes in Amputee Gait following Physiotherapy Using Machine Learning and Continuous Inertial Sensor Signals"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Gabriel","family":"Ng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada"},{"name":"Bloorview Research Institute (BRI), Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, ON M4G 1R8, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Andrysek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada"},{"name":"Bloorview Research Institute (BRI), Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, ON M4G 1R8, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.7547\/87507315-91-1-13","article-title":"Rehabilitation After Amputation","volume":"91","author":"Esquenazi","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. 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