{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T03:00:21Z","timestamp":1767927621995,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,28]],"date-time":"2023-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674864000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Improving models for managing the networks of firefighting unmanned ground vehicles in crowded areas, as a recommendation system (RS), represented a difficult challenge. This challenge comes from the peculiarities of these types of networks. These networks are distinguished by the network coverage area size, frequent network connection failures, and quick network structure changes. The research aims to improve the communication network of self-driving firefighting unmanned ground vehicles by determining the best routing track to the desired fire area. The suggested new model intends to improve the RS regarding the optimum tracking route for firefighting unmanned ground vehicles by employing the ant colony optimization technique. This optimization method represents one of the swarm theories utilized in vehicles ad\u2013hoc networks and social networks. According to the results, the proposed model can enhance the navigation of self-driving firefighting unmanned ground vehicles towards the fire region, allowing firefighting unmanned ground vehicles to take the shortest routes possible, while avoiding closed roads and traffic accidents. This study aids in the control and management of ad\u2013hoc vehicle networks, vehicles of everything, and the internet of things.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23031431","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,30]],"date-time":"2023-01-30T02:01:18Z","timestamp":1675044078000},"page":"1431","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Enhanced QoS Routing Protocol for an Unmanned Ground Vehicle, Based on the ACO Approach"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3925-1267","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali M.","family":"Ali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Computing, University Technology Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Md Asri","family":"Ngadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Computing, University Technology Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2000-7448","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rohana","family":"Sham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Business, Asia Pacific University of Technology, and Innovation, Jalan Innovasi 6, Technology Park Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6798-6295","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Israa Ibraheem","family":"Al_Barazanchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Engineering Techniques Department, Baghdad College of Economic Sciences University, Baghdad 10, Iraq"},{"name":"College of Engineering, University of Warith Al-Anbiyaa, Karbala 56001, Iraq"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2791","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-021-09030-w","article-title":"Communication solutions for vehicle ad-hoc network in smart cities environment: A comprehensive survey","volume":"122","author":"Ayyub","year":"2022","journal-title":"Wirel. 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