{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T15:40:49Z","timestamp":1780587649172,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":107,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,28]],"date-time":"2023-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674864000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper reviews the literature on model-driven engineering (MDE) tools and languages for the internet of things (IoT). Due to the abundance of big data in the IoT, data analytics and machine learning (DAML) techniques play a key role in providing smart IoT applications. In particular, since a significant portion of the IoT data is sequential time series data, such as sensor data, time series analysis techniques are required. Therefore, IoT modeling languages and tools are expected to support DAML methods, including time series analysis techniques, out of the box. In this paper, we study and classify prior work in the literature through the mentioned lens and following the scoping review approach. Hence, the key underlying research questions are what MDE approaches, tools, and languages have been proposed and which ones have supported DAML techniques at the modeling level and in the scope of smart IoT services.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23031458","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,30]],"date-time":"2023-01-30T02:01:18Z","timestamp":1675044078000},"page":"1458","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Model-Driven Engineering Techniques and Tools for Machine Learning-Enabled IoT Applications: A Scoping Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9144-7964","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zahra","family":"Mardani Korani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ISCTE, Instituto Universit\u00e1rio de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), ISTAR, 1649-026 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Hydraulics and Environment Department, LNEC, 1700-066 Lisbon, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Armin","family":"Moin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computation, Information, and Technology (CIT), Technical University of Munich, D-80333 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7900-9846","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Rodrigues da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INESC-ID, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1000-029 Lisbon, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6662-0806","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o Carlos","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISCTE, Instituto Universit\u00e1rio de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), ISTAR, 1649-026 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Inov - Inesc Inova\u00e7\u00e3o\u2014Instituto de Novas Tecnologias, 1000-029 Lisbon, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.adcom.2019.10.010","article-title":"Industry 4.0: Industrial internet of things (IIOT)","volume":"Volume 117","author":"Munirathinam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Advances in Computers"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82721","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2924045","article-title":"A survey on IoT security: Application areas, security threats, and solution architectures","volume":"7","author":"Hassija","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bushor.2015.03.008","article-title":"The Internet of Things (IoT): Applications, investments, and challenges for enterprises","volume":"58","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bus. 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