{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:49:33Z","timestamp":1760147373903,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,29]],"date-time":"2023-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674950400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grants funded by the Korea government (MSIT)","award":["RS-2022-00166222","NRF-2020R1F1A1067365","P0017011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2022-00166222","NRF-2020R1F1A1067365","P0017011"]}]},{"name":"Korea Institute for Advancement of Technology (KIAT) grant funded by the Korea Government (MOTIE)","award":["RS-2022-00166222","NRF-2020R1F1A1067365","P0017011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2022-00166222","NRF-2020R1F1A1067365","P0017011"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To maximize the performance of IoT devices in edge computing, an adaptive polling technique that efficiently and accurately searches for the workload-optimized polling interval is required. In this paper, we propose NetAP-ML, which utilizes a machine learning technique to shrink the search space for finding an optimal polling interval. NetAP-ML is able to minimize the performance degradation in the search process and find a more accurate polling interval with the random forest regression algorithm. We implement and evaluate NetAP-ML in a Linux system. Our experimental setup consists of a various number of virtual machines (2\u20134) and threads (1\u20135). We demonstrate that NetAP-ML provides up to 23% higher bandwidth than the state-of-the-art technique.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23031484","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,30]],"date-time":"2023-01-30T02:28:34Z","timestamp":1675045714000},"page":"1484","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["NetAP-ML: Machine Learning-Assisted Adaptive Polling Technique for Virtualized IoT Devices"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9879-5531","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyunchan","family":"Park","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Computer Science and Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9293-4692","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Younghun","family":"Go","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Computer Science and Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kyungwoon","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronics Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daugu 41566, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4730-950X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cheol-Ho","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1717","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2019.2917084","article-title":"Wireless edge computing with latency and reliability guarantees","volume":"107","author":"Elbamby","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hong, C.H., Lee, K., Kang, M., and Yoo, C. (2018). qCon: QoS-aware network resource management for fog computing. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18103444"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2131","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2021.3106401","article-title":"Resource scheduling in edge computing: A survey","volume":"23","author":"Luo","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15435","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2022.3176400","article-title":"A survey on the convergence of edge computing and AI for UAVs: Opportunities and challenges","volume":"9","author":"McEnroe","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Int. Things J."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prekas, G., Kogias, M., and Bugnion, E. (2017, January 28). Zygos: Achieving low tail latency for microsecond-scale networked tasks. Proceedings of the 26th Symposium on Operating Systems Principles, Shanghai, China.","DOI":"10.1145\/3132747.3132780"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Ben-Yehuda, M., Day, M.D., Dubitzky, Z., Factor, M., Har\u2019El, N., Gordon, A., Liguori, A., Wasserman, O., and Yassour, B.A. (2010, January 4\u20136). The Turtles Project: Design and Implementation of Nested Virtualization. Proceedings of the 9th USENIX Conference on Operating Systems Design and Implementation, Vancouver, BC, Canada."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Yang, J., Minturn, D.B., and Hady, F. (2012, January 15\u201317). When poll is better than interrupt. Proceedings of the 10th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies, San Jose, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1482","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2019.2927919","article-title":"A survey of virtual machine management in edge computing","volume":"107","author":"Tao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2019.02.050","article-title":"Edge computing: A survey","volume":"97","author":"Khan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Future Gener. Comput. Syst."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, H., Seong, J., Lee, M., Lee, K., and Hong, C.H. (2020). NetAP: Adaptive Polling Technique for Network Packet Processing in Virtualized Environments. Appl. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/app10155219"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1145\/1168918.1168860","article-title":"A comparison of software and hardware techniques for x86 virtualization","volume":"41","author":"Adams","year":"2006","journal-title":"ACM Sigplan Not."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1090\/S0002-9939-1953-0055639-3","article-title":"Sequential minimax search for a maximum","volume":"4","author":"Kiefer","year":"1953","journal-title":"Proc. Am. Math. Soc."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1145\/1400097.1400108","article-title":"Virtio: Towards a de facto standard for virtual I\/O devices","volume":"42","author":"Russell","year":"2008","journal-title":"ACM SIGOPS Oper. Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csi.2011.05.002","article-title":"Virtio network paravirtualization driver: Implementation and performance of a de facto standard","volume":"34","author":"Motika","year":"2012","journal-title":"Comput. Stand. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"1","article-title":"Blueio: A scalable real-time hardware i\/o virtualization system for many-core embedded systems","volume":"18","author":"Jiang","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Embed. Comput. Syst. (TECS)"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Chong, E.K., and Zak, S.H. (2004). An Introduction to Optimization, John Wiley & Sons."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Luenberger, D.G., and Ye, Y. (1984). Linear and Nonlinear Programming, Springer."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"G\u00e9ron, A. (2019). Hands-on Machine Learning with Scikit-Learn, Keras, and TensorFlow: Concepts, Tools, and Techniques to Build Intelligent Systems, O\u2019Reilly Media."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1145\/506084.506089","article-title":"HIP: Hybrid interrupt-polling for the network interface","volume":"35","author":"Dovrolis","year":"2001","journal-title":"ACM SIGOPS Oper. Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2007.06.013","article-title":"Performance analysis and comparison of interrupt-handling schemes in gigabit networks","volume":"30","author":"Salah","year":"2007","journal-title":"Comput. Commun."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2008.10.001","article-title":"Implementation and experimental performance evaluation of a hybrid interrupt-handling scheme","volume":"32","author":"Salah","year":"2009","journal-title":"Comput. Commun."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2021.102338","article-title":"Efficient hybrid polling for ultra-low latency storage devices","volume":"122","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Syst. Archit."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3505139","article-title":"Optimizing storage performance with calibrated interrupts","volume":"18","author":"Tai","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Storage (TOS)"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, Y., and Eom, Y.I. (2019, January 4\u20136). HyPI: Reducing CPU Consumption of the I\/O Completion Method in High-Performance Storage Systems. Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Ubiquitous Information Management and Communication, Phuket, Thailand.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-19063-7_51"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpdc.2012.01.020","article-title":"High performance network virtualization with SR-IOV","volume":"72","author":"Dong","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Parallel Distrib. Comput."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Ara, G., Abeni, L., Cucinotta, T., and Vitucci, C. (2019). High Performance Computing, Proceedings of the ISC High Performance 2019 International Workshops, Frankfurt, Germany, 16\u201320 June 2019, Springer."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132021","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3008250","article-title":"Hardware-accelerated platforms and infrastructures for network functions: A survey of enabling technologies and research studies","volume":"8","author":"Shantharama","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Pontarelli, S., Bifulco, R., Bonola, M., Cascone, C., Spaziani, M., Bruschi, V., Sanvito, D., Siracusano, G., Capone, A., and Honda, M. (2019, January 26\u201328). FlowBlaze: Stateful Packet Processing in Hardware. Proceedings of the 16th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI 19), Boston, MA, USA."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1145\/3007611.2892256","article-title":"SRVM: Hypervisor support for live migration with passthrough SR-IOV network devices","volume":"51","author":"Xu","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACM SIGPLAN Not."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2734","DOI":"10.1109\/TNET.2018.2879752","article-title":"Kafe: Can os kernels forward packets fast enough for software routers?","volume":"26","author":"Hong","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE\/ACM Trans. Netw."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Qiu, H., Banerjee, S.S., Jha, S., Kalbarczyk, Z.T., and Iyer, R.K. (2020, January 4\u20136). FIRM: An Intelligent Fine-grained Resource Management Framework for SLO-Oriented Microservices. Proceedings of the 14th USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI 20), Online."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gan, Y., Liang, M., Dev, S., Lo, D., and Delimitrou, C. (2021, January 19\u201323). Sage: Practical and scalable ML-driven performance debugging in microservices. Proceedings of the 26th ACM International Conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems, Online.","DOI":"10.1145\/3445814.3446700"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gan, Y., Zhang, Y., Hu, K., Cheng, D., He, Y., Pancholi, M., and Delimitrou, C. (2019, January 13\u201317). Seer: Leveraging big data to navigate the complexity of performance debugging in cloud microservices. Proceedings of the Twenty-Fourth International Conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems, Providence, RI, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/3297858.3304004"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rzadca, K., Findeisen, P., Swiderski, J., Zych, P., Broniek, P., Kusmierek, J., Nowak, P., Strack, B., Witusowski, P., and Hand, S. (2020, January 27\u201330). Autopilot: Workload autoscaling at Google. Proceedings of the Fifteenth European Conference on Computer Systems, Heraklion, Greece.","DOI":"10.1145\/3342195.3387524"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1109\/TPDS.2020.3013948","article-title":"Rusty: Runtime interference-aware predictive monitoring for modern multi-tenant systems","volume":"32","author":"Masouros","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Parallel Distrib. Syst."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1735","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.1997.9.8.1735","article-title":"Long short-term memory","volume":"9","author":"Hochreiter","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neural Comput."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/3\/1484\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:18:45Z","timestamp":1760120325000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/3\/1484"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,29]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["s23031484"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s23031484","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,29]]}}}