{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:49:27Z","timestamp":1760147367795,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,30]],"date-time":"2023-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675036800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81470661","skr201008","ZR2021QH221"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81470661","skr201008","ZR2021QH221"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004295","name":"Shandong University of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81470661","skr201008","ZR2021QH221"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81470661","skr201008","ZR2021QH221"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004295","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","award":["81470661","skr201008","ZR2021QH221"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81470661","skr201008","ZR2021QH221"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, we build four-part cone models to explore the coupling effect of seven cone fiber couplers. Moreover, this is the first study of the coupling effect of four layers of biological couplers in animals and other biological lives. We simulate the four layers cone couplers by using the beam propagation method, and we assume the input beam is located at the outer fiber of the central cone. Our simulation results showed that there are two wavelength regions (short and long wavelength regions) with the strongest coupling, where the most power of input optical powers of the central cones will transfer to the six surrounding cones after transmitting through the four layers of cone couplers. However, within a wavelength region of \u00b175 nm near to the peak wavelengths, located in the yellow\u2013green wavelength range, the splitting ratios at the output of the outer segment of the central cone are always greater than the sum of the splitting ratios of the six surrounding cones. These cone couplers may play an important role in color preprocessing (e.g., doing opponent color processing partially). The cone fiber coupler effect and light absorption of cones are considered separately in our models. By taking account of both the cone fiber coupling effect and absorption of outer segment of L cone, we find the multiplication of the relative optical power of cone couplers, the spectral sensitivity data of the L cone, and a normalized coefficient that matches with the photopic luminous efficiency of the human eye well. This is the attempt to use both the cone fiber coupling effect and the absorption of L cones to explain the photopic luminous efficiency. The splitting ratios of the central cones are greater than 80% at peak wavelengths located in the yellow-green wavelength range, and this can help to explain why the human eye is more sensitive to green light.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23031523","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,30]],"date-time":"2023-01-30T06:06:13Z","timestamp":1675058773000},"page":"1523","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Explanation of Photopic Luminous Efficiency Curve by Using Both of the Cones\u2019 Optical Fiber Coupling Effects and the Absorption of L Cones"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Anhui","family":"Liang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electronic Information Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4743-372X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kexin","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electronic Information Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8852-2289","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaolin","family":"Min","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electronic Information Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electronic Information Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianyu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electronic Information Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoling","family":"Zuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electronic Information Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2155-4654","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Youli","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electronic Information Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(61)91800-1","article-title":"Visualization of wave-guide modes in retinal receptors","volume":"51","author":"Enoch","year":"1961","journal-title":"Am. 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