{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]],"date-time":"2026-04-11T13:15:46Z","timestamp":1775913346934,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,30]],"date-time":"2023-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675036800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Defence"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents new voltage-mode shadow filters employing a low-power multiple-input differential difference transconductance amplifier (MI-DDTA). This device provides multiple-input voltage-mode arithmetic operation capability, electronic tuning ability, high-input and low-output impedances. Therefore, the proposed shadow filters offer circuit simplicity, minimum number of active and passive elements, electronic control of the natural frequency and the quality factor, and high-input and low-output impedances. The proposed MI-DDTA can work with supply voltage of \u00b10.5 V and consumes 9.94 \u03bcW of power. The MI-DDTA and shadow filters have been designed and simulated with the SPICE program using 0.18 \u03bcm CMOS process parameters to validate the functionality and workability of the new circuits.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23031526","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,30]],"date-time":"2023-01-30T08:56:26Z","timestamp":1675068986000},"page":"1526","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Shadow Filters Using Multiple-Input Differential Difference Transconductance Amplifiers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1960-9081","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Montree","family":"Kumngern","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Telecommunications Engineering, School of Engineering, King Mongkut\u2019s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok 10520, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9864-9830","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabian","family":"Khateb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microelectronics, Brno University of Technology, Technick\u00e1 10, 601 90 Brno, Czech Republic"},{"name":"Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, n\u00e1m. S\u00edtn\u00e1 3105, 272 01 Kladno, Czech Republic"},{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Defence, Kounicova 65, 662 10 Brno, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6315-9292","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomasz","family":"Kulej","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Czestochowa University of Technology, 42-201 Czestochowa, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153652","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aeue.2021.153652","article-title":"Supplementary DDCC+ based universal filter with grounded passive elements","volume":"132","author":"Unuk","year":"2021","journal-title":"AEU-Int. J. Electron. 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