{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T11:26:19Z","timestamp":1762341979964,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,30]],"date-time":"2023-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675036800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020M683157","0010\/2019\/AFJ","0025\/2019\/AKP","0004\/2020\/A1","0070\/2020\/AMJ","2019B010148001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020M683157","0010\/2019\/AFJ","0025\/2019\/AKP","0004\/2020\/A1","0070\/2020\/AMJ","2019B010148001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Development Fund of Macau","award":["2020M683157","0010\/2019\/AFJ","0025\/2019\/AKP","0004\/2020\/A1","0070\/2020\/AMJ","2019B010148001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020M683157","0010\/2019\/AFJ","0025\/2019\/AKP","0004\/2020\/A1","0070\/2020\/AMJ","2019B010148001"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key R&amp;D Programme","award":["2020M683157","0010\/2019\/AFJ","0025\/2019\/AKP","0004\/2020\/A1","0070\/2020\/AMJ","2019B010148001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020M683157","0010\/2019\/AFJ","0025\/2019\/AKP","0004\/2020\/A1","0070\/2020\/AMJ","2019B010148001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Face alignment is widely used in high-level face analysis applications, such as human activity recognition and human\u2013computer interaction. However, most existing models involve a large number of parameters and are computationally inefficient in practical applications. In this paper, we aim to build a lightweight facial landmark detector by proposing a network-level architecture-slimming method. Concretely, we introduce a selective feature fusion mechanism to quantify and prune redundant transformation and aggregation operations in a high-resolution supernetwork. Moreover, we develop a triple knowledge distillation scheme to further refine a slimmed network, where two peer student networks could learn the implicit landmark distributions from each other while absorbing the knowledge from a teacher network. Extensive experiments on challenging benchmarks, including 300W, COFW, and WFLW, demonstrate that our approach achieves competitive performance with a better trade-off between the number of parameters (0.98 M\u20131.32 M) and the number of floating-point operations (0.59 G\u20130.6 G) when compared to recent state-of-the-art methods.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23031532","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,30]],"date-time":"2023-01-30T08:56:26Z","timestamp":1675068986000},"page":"1532","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["SD-HRNet: Slimming and Distilling High-Resolution Network for Efficient Face Alignment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5179-6569","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xuxin","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhuhai Da Heng Qin Technology Development Co., Ltd., Zhuhai 519000, China"},{"name":"Faculty of Innovation Engineering, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 999078, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haowen","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Innovation Engineering, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 999078, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3567-6129","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Penghui","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Innovation Engineering, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 999078, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5780-8540","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yanyan","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Innovation Engineering, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 999078, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taigman, Y., Yang, M., Ranzato, M., and Wolf, L. 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