{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T04:51:05Z","timestamp":1781758265783,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,31]],"date-time":"2023-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675123200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The article presents the implementation of artificial intelligence algorithms for the problem of discretization in Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT) adapted for urinary tract monitoring. The primary objective of discretization is to create a finite element mesh (FEM) classifier that will separate the inclusion elements from the background. In general, the classifier is designed to detect the area of elements belonging to an inclusion revealing the shape of that object. We show the adaptation of supervised learning methods such as logistic regression, decision trees, linear and quadratic discriminant analysis to the problem of tracking the urinary bladder using EIT. Our study focuses on developing and comparing various algorithms for discretization, which perfectly supplement methods for an inverse problem. The innovation of the presented solutions lies in the originally adapted algorithms for EIT allowing for the tracking of the bladder. We claim that a robust measurement solution with sensors and statistical methods can track the placement and shape change of the bladder, leading to effective information about the studied object. This article also shows the developed device, its functions and working principle. The development of such a device and accompanying information technology came about in response to particularly strong market demand for modern technical solutions for urinary tract rehabilitation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23031553","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]],"date-time":"2023-02-01T01:36:59Z","timestamp":1675215419000},"page":"1553","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Application of Machine Learning Algorithms to the Discretization Problem in Wearable Electrical Tomography Imaging for Bladder Tracking"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9544-3696","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bart\u0142omiej","family":"Baran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research & Development Centre Netrix S.A., 20-704 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7147-4903","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edward","family":"Koz\u0142owski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Management, Lublin University of Technology, 20-618 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0035-7187","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dariusz","family":"Majerek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Fundamentals of Technology, Lublin University of Technology, 20-618 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3524-9151","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomasz","family":"Rymarczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research & Development Centre Netrix S.A., 20-704 Lublin, Poland"},{"name":"WSEI University, 20-209 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6341-9592","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuchehr","family":"Soleimani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4200-3432","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dariusz","family":"W\u00f3jcik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research & Development Centre Netrix S.A., 20-704 Lublin, Poland"},{"name":"WSEI University, 20-209 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2013.05.009","article-title":"Incidence of lower urinary tract symptoms in a population-based study of men and women","volume":"82","author":"Maserejian","year":"2013","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e11554","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000011554","article-title":"Epidemiology of lower urinary tract symptoms in a cross-sectional, population-based study","volume":"97","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.22700","article-title":"Pelvic floor muscle training versus no treatment, or inactive control treatments, for urinary incontinence in women: A short version Cochrane systematic review with meta-analysis","volume":"34","author":"Dumoulin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurourol. 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