{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T05:24:50Z","timestamp":1783488290199,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]],"date-time":"2023-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675209600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq)","award":["305517\/2022-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["305517\/2022-8"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ankle injuries caused by the Anterior Talofibular Ligament (ATFL) are the most common type of injury. Thus, finding new ways to analyze these injuries through novel technologies is critical for assisting medical diagnosis and, as a result, reducing the subjectivity of this process. As a result, the purpose of this study is to compare the ability of specialists to diagnose lateral tibial tuberosity advancement (LTTA) injury using computer vision analysis on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The experiments were carried out on a database obtained from the Vue PACS\u2013Carestream software, which contained 132 images of ATFL and normal (healthy) ankles. Because there were only a few images, image augmentation techniques was used to increase the number of images in the database. Following that, various feature extraction algorithms (GLCM, LBP, and HU invariant moments) and classifiers such as Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP), Support Vector Machine (SVM), k-Nearest Neighbors (kNN), and Random Forest (RF) were used. Based on the results from this analysis, for cases that lack clear morphologies, the method delivers a hit rate of 85.03% with an increase of 22% over the human expert-based analysis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23031565","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]],"date-time":"2023-02-01T01:36:59Z","timestamp":1675215419000},"page":"1565","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Computer-Aided Ankle Ligament Injury Diagnosis from Magnetic Resonance Images Using Machine Learning Techniques"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Rodrigo S.","family":"Astolfi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Surgery, Federal University of Cear\u00e1, Fortaleza 60455-970, CE, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5670-1496","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel S.","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Teleinformatics Engineering, Federal University of Cear\u00e1, Fortaleza 60455-970, CE, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ingrid S.","family":"Guedes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Surgery, Federal University of Cear\u00e1, Fortaleza 60455-970, CE, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4665-9225","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caio S.","family":"Nascimento","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Teleinformatics Engineering, Federal University of Cear\u00e1, Fortaleza 60455-970, CE, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9990-1084","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robertas","family":"Dama\u0161evi\u010dius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Software Engineering, Kaunas University of Technology, 51368 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9516-0327","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Senthil K.","family":"Jagatheesaperumal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Mepco Schlenk Engineering College, Sivakasi 626005, TN, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3886-4309","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victor Hugo C.","family":"de Albuquerque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Teleinformatics Engineering, Federal University of Cear\u00e1, Fortaleza 60455-970, CE, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Alberto D.","family":"Leite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Surgery, Federal University of Cear\u00e1, Fortaleza 60455-970, CE, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1177\/107110078901000307","article-title":"The etiology and repair of rotary ankle instability","volume":"10","author":"Conlin","year":"1989","journal-title":"Foot Ankle"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"e4971","article-title":"Functional outcome of modified Brostrom-Gould procedure using the PopLok knotless suture anchor technique in lateral ankle instability","volume":"11","author":"Bajuri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1177\/107110079801901109","article-title":"Anatomy of the collateral ligaments of the human ankle joint","volume":"19","author":"Milner","year":"1998","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1590\/S1517-86921998000300002","article-title":"and Scott A. 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