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Because of this, this research presents a novel high-compression-ratio and real-time-process image compression very-large-scale integration (VLSI) design for image sensors in the Internet of Things (IoT). The design consists of a YEF transform, color sampling, block truncation coding (BTC), threshold optimization, sub-sampling, prediction, quantization, and Golomb\u2013Rice coding. By using machine learning, different BTC parameters are trained to achieve the optimal solution given the parameters. Two optimal reconstruction values and bitmaps for each 4 \u00d7 4 block are achieved. An image is divided into 4 \u00d7 4 blocks by BTC for numerical conversion and removing inter-pixel redundancy. The sub-sampling, prediction, and quantization steps are performed to reduce redundant information. Finally, the value with a high probability will be coded using Golomb\u2013Rice coding. The proposed algorithm has a higher compression ratio than traditional BTC-based image compression algorithms. Moreover, this research also proposes a real-time image compression chip design based on low-complexity and pipelined architecture by using TSMC 0.18 \u03bcm CMOS technology. The operating frequency of the chip can achieve 100 MHz. The core area and the number of logic gates are 598,880 \u03bcm2 and 56.3 K, respectively. In addition, this design achieves 50 frames per second, which is suitable for real-time CMOS image sensor compression.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23031573","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]],"date-time":"2023-02-01T02:06:44Z","timestamp":1675217204000},"page":"1573","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["VLSI Design Based on Block Truncation Coding for Real-Time Color Image Compression for IoT"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4079-9350","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shih-Lun","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan City 320317, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"He-Sheng","family":"Chou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan City 320317, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shih-Yao","family":"Ke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan City 320317, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7605-5214","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiung-An","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City 243303, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tsung-Yi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan City 320317, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mei-Ling","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan City 320317, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Physical Educational College, Jiaying University, Meizhou 514000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8848-6644","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patricia Angela R.","family":"Abu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Systems and Computer Science, Ateneo de Manila University, Quezon City 1108, Philippines"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2115-8902","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liang-Hung","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microelectronics, College of Physics and Information Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350025, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0110-5491","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kuo-Chen","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Management, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan City 320317, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morley, C., Unwin, M., Peterson, G.M., Stankovich, J., and Kinsman, L. 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