{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T19:33:18Z","timestamp":1785267198775,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]],"date-time":"2023-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675209600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents an overview of various types of virtual museums (ViM) as native artifacts or as digital twins (DT) of physical museums (PM). Depending on their mission and features, we discuss various enabling technologies and sensor equipment with their specific requirements and complexities, advantages and drawbacks in relation to each other at all stages of a DT\u2019s life cycle. A DT is a virtual construct and embodies innovative concepts based on emerging technologies (ET) using adequate sensor configurations for (meta-)data import and exchange. Our keyword-based search for articles, conference papers, (chapters from) books and reviews yielded 43 contributions and 43 further important references from Industry 4.0, Tourism and Heritage 4.0. After closer examination, a reference corpus of 40 contributions was evaluated in detail and classified along with their variants of DT\u2014content-, communication-, and collaboration-centric and risk-informed ViMs. Their system features correlate with different application areas (AA), new or improved technologies\u2014mostly still under development\u2014and sensors used. Our proposal suggests a template-based, generative approach to DTs using standardized metadata formats, expert\/curator software and customers\u2019\/visitors\u2019 engagement. It advocates for stakeholders\u2019 collaboration as part of a comprehensive validation and verification assessment (V&amp;VA) throughout the DT\u2019s entire life cycle.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23031583","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]],"date-time":"2023-02-01T04:27:02Z","timestamp":1675225622000},"page":"1583","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":110,"title":["Digital Twins and Enabling Technologies in Museums and Cultural Heritage: An Overview"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1245-7628","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wolfram","family":"Luther","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Applied Cognitive Science, University of Duisburg-Essen, 47057 Duisburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nelson","family":"Baloian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, University of Chile, Av. Blanco Encalada 2120, Santiago 8320000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Biella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Information and Media Services, University of Duisburg-Essen, 47057 Duisburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Sacher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Applied Cognitive Science, University of Duisburg-Essen, 47057 Duisburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101863","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tele.2022.101863","article-title":"Extended reality applications in industry 4.0.\u2014A systematic literature review","volume":"73","author":"Reta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Telemat. 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