{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T21:34:30Z","timestamp":1781732070312,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,2]],"date-time":"2023-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675296000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Science and Technology Research Project of Higher Education in Hebei province of China","award":["QN2022159"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["QN2022159"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Research Project of Higher Education in Hebei province of China","award":["2021YFD2000303"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFD2000303"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["QN2022159"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["QN2022159"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021YFD2000303"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFD2000303"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Engine fault detection is conducive to improving equipment reliability and reducing maintenance costs. In practical scenarios, high-quality data is difficult to obtain. Usually, only single-sensor data is available. This paper proposes a fault detection method combining Variational Mode Decomposition (VMD) and Random Forest (RF). At first, the spectral energy distribution is obtained by decomposing and statistic the engine data of multiple working conditions. Based on the spectral energy distribution, the overall optimal mode number was identified, and the quadratic penalty term was optimized using SNR. The improved VMD (IVMD) improves mode aliasing and iterative efficiency and unifies feature dimensions. Decomposition of real signals demonstrates the effectiveness. The paper designs a feature vector composed of seven types of attributes, including unit bandwidth energy, center frequency, maximum singular value and so on. The feature vector is then fed to RF for classification. Features are selected in order of importance to classification to improve the training efficiency. By comparing with various algorithms, the proposed method has higher accuracy and faster training efficiency in single-speed, multi-speed and cross-speed single-sensor data diagnosis. The results show that the method has application prospects with little training data and low hardware requirements.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23031642","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,2]],"date-time":"2023-02-02T04:55:12Z","timestamp":1675313712000},"page":"1642","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Single-Sensor Engine Multi-Type Fault Detection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Daijie","family":"Tang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Engines, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fengrong","family":"Bi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Engines, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiangang","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Engines, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6986-657X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiao","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Engines, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pengfei","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Engines, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyang","family":"Bi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence Electrical Equipment, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymssp.2018.02.009","article-title":"Fault diagnosis of rotating machinery based on multiple probabilistic classifiers","volume":"108","author":"Zhong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mech. 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