{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T01:01:41Z","timestamp":1783126901468,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,3]],"date-time":"2023-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675382400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The use of wearable devices has increased substantially in recent years. This, together with the rise of telemedicine, has led to the use of these types of devices in the healthcare field. In this work, we carried out a detailed study on the use of these devices (regarding the general trends); we analyzed the research works and devices marketed in the last 10 years. This analysis extracted relevant information on the general trend of use, as well as more specific aspects, such as the use of sensors, communication technologies, and diseases. A comparison was made between the commercial and research aspects linked to wearables in the healthcare field, and upcoming trends were analyzed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23031678","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,3]],"date-time":"2023-02-03T01:40:25Z","timestamp":1675388425000},"page":"1678","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["Wearable Health Devices for Diagnosis Support: Evolution and Future Tendencies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8789-6476","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Escobar-Linero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Architecture and Computer Technology Department, ETSII-EPS, University of Seville, 41004 Sevilla, Spain"},{"name":"Robotics and Technology of Computers Laboratory, University of Seville, 41004 Sevilla, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4368-3791","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis","family":"Mu\u00f1oz-Saavedra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Architecture and Computer Technology Department, ETSII-EPS, University of Seville, 41004 Sevilla, Spain"},{"name":"Robotics and Technology of Computers Laboratory, University of Seville, 41004 Sevilla, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4352-8759","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco","family":"Luna-Perej\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Architecture and Computer Technology Department, ETSII-EPS, University of Seville, 41004 Sevilla, Spain"},{"name":"Robotics and Technology of Computers Laboratory, University of Seville, 41004 Sevilla, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1392-1832","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Luis","family":"Sevillano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Architecture and Computer Technology Department, ETSII-EPS, University of Seville, 41004 Sevilla, Spain"},{"name":"Robotics and Technology of Computers Laboratory, University of Seville, 41004 Sevilla, Spain"},{"name":"Research Institute of Computer Engineering (I3US), University of Seville, 41004 Sevilla, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5669-9111","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel","family":"Dom\u00ednguez-Morales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Architecture and Computer Technology Department, ETSII-EPS, University of Seville, 41004 Sevilla, Spain"},{"name":"Robotics and Technology of Computers Laboratory, University of Seville, 41004 Sevilla, Spain"},{"name":"Research Institute of Computer Engineering (I3US), University of Seville, 41004 Sevilla, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"123","article-title":"New paradigms in telemedicine: Ambient intelligence, wearable, pervasive and personalized","volume":"108","author":"Rubel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Stud. Health Technol. Inform."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1089\/tmj.1.1995.1.19","article-title":"On the Definition and Evaluation of Telemedicine","volume":"1","author":"Bashshur","year":"1995","journal-title":"Telemed. J."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.4018\/IJBCE.2016070103","article-title":"An Overview of Telemedicine Technologies for Healthcare Applications","volume":"5","author":"Pandian","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Biomed. Clin. Eng."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1089\/tmj.2021.0041","article-title":"Understanding Telemedicine\u2019s \u201cNew Normal\u201d: Variations in Telemedicine Use by Specialty Line and Patient Demographics","volume":"28","author":"Drake","year":"2021","journal-title":"Telemed. e-Health"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1097\/MOG.0000000000000845","article-title":"The future of telemedicine and wearable technology in IBD","volume":"38","author":"Rowan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"1084","article-title":"Use of Telemedicine Technologies in the Management of Infectious Diseases: A Review","volume":"60","author":"Parmar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"1","article-title":"Systematic review of evidence for the benefits of telemedicine","volume":"8","author":"Hailey","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Telemed. Telecare"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/s12245-014-0029-0","article-title":"Telemedicine in pre-hospital care: A review of telemedicine applications in the pre-hospital environment","volume":"7","author":"Gilligan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1258\/1357633981931902","article-title":"The Mobile Hospital- an experimental telemedicine system for the early detection of disease","volume":"4","author":"Takizawa","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Telemed. Telecare"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, F.X., Zhang, Z.J., Gao, F., and Zhang, W.Y. (2015, January 10\u201312). An Evolutionary Approach to Detecting Elderly Fall in Telemedicine. Proceedings of the 2015 First International Conference on Computational Intelligence Theory, Systems and Applications (CCITSA), Ilan, Taiwan.","DOI":"10.1109\/CCITSA.2015.26"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Gupta, A., Chakraborty, C., and Gupta, B. (2020). Advances in Telemedicine for Health Monitoring: Technologies, Design and Applications, IET Digital Library."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102848","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2021.102848","article-title":"IoT garment for remote elderly care network","volume":"69","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomed. Signal Process. Control"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.26911\/thejhpm.2020.05.02.02","article-title":"Telemedicine, Cost Effectiveness, and Patients Satisfaction: A Systematic Review","volume":"5","author":"Atmojo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Health Policy Manag."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1706910","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201706910","article-title":"Wearables in Medicine","volume":"30","author":"Yetisen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Sazonov, E. (2021). Wearable Sensors, Academic Press. [2nd ed.]. Chapter 1."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qiu, H., Wang, X., and Xie, F. (2017, January 6\u201310). A Survey on Smart Wearables in the Application of Fitness. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE 15th Intl Conf on Dependable, Autonomic and Secure Computing, 15th Intl Conf on Pervasive Intelligence and Computing, 3rd Intl Conf on Big Data Intelligence and Computing and Cyber Science and Technology Congress (DASC\/PiCom\/DataCom\/CyberSciTech), Orlando, FL, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/DASC-PICom-DataCom-CyberSciTec.2017.64"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2017.10.008","article-title":"The usefulness and actual use of wearable devices among the elderly population","volume":"153","author":"Kekade","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comput. Methods Progr. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116784","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2022.116784","article-title":"Worker\u2019s physical fatigue classification using neural networks","volume":"198","author":"Sevillano","year":"2022","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luna-Perej\u00f3n, F., Dom\u00ednguez-Morales, M., Guti\u00e9rrez-Gal\u00e1n, D., and Civit-Balcells, A. (2020). Low-Power Embedded System for Gait Classification Using Neural Networks. J. Low Power Electron. Appl., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jlpea10020014"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mu\u00f1oz-Saavedra, L., Luna-Perej\u00f3n, F., Civit-Masot, J., Mir\u00f3-Amarante, L., Civit, A., and Dom\u00ednguez-Morales, M. (2020). Affective state assistant for helping users with cognition disabilities using neural networks. Electronics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics9111843"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han, S., Lim, H., Jeong, J.h., Kang, J.W., and Jung, S.C. (2019). Evolution of Wearable Devices with Real-Time Disease Monitoring for Personalized Healthcare. Nanomaterials, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano9060813"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"45","article-title":"Wearable technologies and its future applications","volume":"3","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Electr. Electron. Data Commun."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1038\/s41528-021-00107-x","article-title":"Advances in healthcare wearable devices","volume":"5","author":"Iqbal","year":"2021","journal-title":"NPJ Flex. Electron."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/S0921-8890(99)00092-5","article-title":"Development of the ring sensor for healthcare automation","volume":"30","author":"Yang","year":"2000","journal-title":"Robot. Auton. Syst."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Fortino, G., and Wang, Z. A Wearable, Low-Power, Real-Time ECG Monitor for Smart T-shirt and IoT Healthcare Applications. Proceedings of the Advances in Body Area Networks I."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amitrano, F., Coccia, A., Ricciardi, C., Donisi, L., Cesarelli, G., Capodaglio, E.M., and D\u2019Addio, G. (2020). Design and Validation of an E-Textile-Based Wearable Sock for Remote Gait and Postural Assessment. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20226691"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3817","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2022.3141457","article-title":"Robust Tattoo Electrode Prepared by Paper-Assisted Water Transfer Printing for Wearable Health Monitoring","volume":"22","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1109\/MPULS.2018.2885832","article-title":"The Opportunity and Obstacles for Smartwatches and Wearable Sensors","volume":"10","author":"Foster","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Pulse"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1258\/1357633054461994","article-title":"Wearable devices for telemedicine applications","volume":"11","author":"Scheffler","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Telemed. Telecare"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2012.2208459","article-title":"Gaussian processes for personalized e-health monitoring with wearable sensors","volume":"60","author":"Clifton","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1177\/0040517512444336","article-title":"Design of a garment-based sensing system for breathing monitoring","volume":"83","author":"Guo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Text. Res. J."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.3233\/AIS-130220","article-title":"Commodity 12: A smart e-health environment for diabetes management","volume":"5","author":"Bromuri","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Ambient Intell. Smart Environ."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Arai, K. (2014). Intelligent Systems for Science and Information, Springer."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2013.2293059","article-title":"Predictive monitoring of mobile patients by combining clinical observations with data from wearable sensors","volume":"18","author":"Clifton","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE J. Biomed. Health Inform."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10916-015-0342-z","article-title":"Integration of wearable solutions in aal environments with mobility support","volume":"39","author":"Costa","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Med. Syst."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"1","article-title":"Movement analysis of the chest compartments and a real-time quality feedback during breathing therapy","volume":"4","author":"Fekr","year":"2015","journal-title":"Netw. Model. Anal. Health Inform. Bioinform."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1089\/tmj.2014.0081","article-title":"Implementation of a wireless sensor network for heart rate monitoring in a senior center","volume":"21","author":"Huang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Telemed. e-Health"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1777","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2015.2472640","article-title":"Body-sensor-network-based kinematic characterization and comparative outlook of UPDRS scoring in leg agility, sit-to-stand, and Gait tasks in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"19","author":"Parisi","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE J. Biomed. Health Inform."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.3233\/ICA-150488","article-title":"A hybrid intelligent recognition system for the early detection of strokes","volume":"22","author":"Villar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Integr. Comput.-Aided Eng."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1089\/tmj.2014.0176","article-title":"Wearable sensor\/device (Fitbit One) and SMS text-messaging prompts to increase physical activity in overweight and obese adults: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"21","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Telemed. e-Health"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdelhedi, S., Baklouti, M., Bourguiba, R., and Mouine, J. (2016, January 18\u201320). Vivado HLS-based implementation of a fall detection decision core on an FPGA platform. Proceedings of the 2016 11th International Design & Test Symposium (IDT), Hammamet, Tunisia.","DOI":"10.1109\/IDT.2016.7843025"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1550147716668063","DOI":"10.1177\/1550147716668063","article-title":"Design and performance analysis of wireless body area networks in complex indoor e-Health hospital environments for patient remote monitoring","volume":"12","author":"Aguirre","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Distrib. Sens. Netw."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpro.2016.07.007","article-title":"Remotely programmable architecture of a multi-purpose physiological recorder","volume":"46","author":"Augustyniak","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microprocess. Microsyst."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2015.2483064","article-title":"QoS-aware energy management in body sensor nodes powered by human energy harvesting","volume":"16","author":"Ibarra","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7440","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2016.2622163","article-title":"A practical design and implementation of a low cost platform for remote monitoring of lower limb health of amputees in the developing world","volume":"4","author":"Mathur","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.5755\/j01.eee.22.1.14112","article-title":"Activity recognition in adaptive assistive systems using artificial neural networks","volume":"22","author":"Oniga","year":"2016","journal-title":"Elektron. Ir Elektrotech."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1002\/osp4.18","article-title":"Applying a technology-based system for weight loss in adults with obesity","volume":"2","author":"Rogers","year":"2016","journal-title":"Obes. Sci. Pract."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Castro, D., Coral, W., Rodriguez, C., Cabra, J., and Colorado, J. (2017). Wearable-based human activity recognition using an iot approach. J. Sens. Actuator Netw., 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/jsan6040028"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1647","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2017.2689164","article-title":"Boosting the battery life of wearables for health monitoring through the compression of biosignals","volume":"4","author":"Hooshmand","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miramontes, R., Aquino, R., Flores, A., Rodr\u00edguez, G., Anguiano, R., R\u00edos, A., and Edwards, A. (2017). PlaIMoS: A remote mobile healthcare platform to monitor cardiovascular and respiratory variables. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17010176"},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"184","article-title":"Design of sensor systems for long time electrodermal activity monitoring","volume":"15","author":"Vavrinsky","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Naranjo-Hern\u00e1ndez, D., Talaminos-Barroso, A., Reina-Tosina, J., Roa, L.M., Barbarov-Rostan, G., Cejudo-Ramos, P., M\u00e1rquez-Mart\u00edn, E., and Ortega-Ruiz, F. (2018). Smart vest for respiratory rate monitoring of COPD patients based on non-contact capacitive sensing. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18072144"},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"1","article-title":"An Integrated and Secure System for Wearable Devices","volume":"3","author":"Blakeway","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Sci. Technol. Eng. Syst. J."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"229","article-title":"A eHealth system for atrial fibrillation monitoring","volume":"Volume 544","author":"Leone","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.3233\/THC-171173","article-title":"An Internet of Things based physiological signal monitoring and receiving system for virtual enhanced health care network","volume":"26","author":"Rajan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Technol. Health Care"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2018.06.010","article-title":"A real IoT device deployment for e-Health applications under lightweight communication protocols, activity classifier and edge data filtering","volume":"128","author":"Santamaria","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comput. Commun."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"820","article-title":"Quantified self using IoT wearable devices","volume":"Volume 632","author":"Shehab","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Advanced Intelligent Systems and Informatics"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Halhouli, A., Al-Ghussain, L., El Bouri, S., Liu, H., and Zheng, D. (2019). Fabrication and evaluation of a novel non-invasive stretchable and wearable respiratory rate sensor based on silver nanoparticles using inkjet printing technology. Polymers, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym11091518"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2019.09.469","article-title":"Energy-efficient sensor-based EEG features\u2019 extraction for epilepsy detection","volume":"160","author":"Alhassan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Procedia Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7206","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2890335","article-title":"Removal of movement artefact for mobile EEG analysis in sports exercises","volume":"7","author":"Wei","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1089\/tmj.2018.0202","article-title":"Preliminary agreement on tracking sleep between a wrist-worn device fitbit alta and consensus sleep diary","volume":"25","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Telemed. e-Health"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1645","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.8032","article-title":"Validation of Fitbit Charge 2 and Fitbit Alta HR against polysomnography for assessing sleep in adults with obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"15","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1108\/SR-07-2018-0181","article-title":"Analysis and monitoring of IoT-assisted human physiological galvanic skin responsefactor for smart e-healthcare","volume":"39","author":"Ray","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sens. Rev."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101824","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artmed.2020.101824","article-title":"Wearable sensor-based evaluation of psychosocial stress in patients with metabolic syndrome","volume":"104","author":"Akbulut","year":"2020","journal-title":"Artif. Intell. Med."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Halhouli, A., Al-Ghussain, L., El Bouri, S., Habash, F., Liu, H., and Zheng, D. (2020). Clinical evaluation of stretchable and wearable inkjet-printed strain gauge sensor for respiratory rate monitoring at different body postures. Appl. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/app10020480"},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"1238","article-title":"Big IoT healthcare data analytics framework based on fog and cloud computing","volume":"16","author":"Alshammari","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Inf. Process. Syst."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13673-020-0211-8","article-title":"A deep learning approach for pressure ulcer prevention using wearable computing","volume":"10","author":"Cicceri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hum.-Centric Comput. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101873","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2020.101873","article-title":"Wearable system for real-time monitoring of hemodynamic parameters: Implementation and evaluation","volume":"59","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed. Signal Process. Control"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1007\/s12551-020-00731-3","article-title":"Hactive: A smartphone application for heart rate profiling","volume":"12","author":"Goldberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biophys. Rev."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52018","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2980739","article-title":"A secure framework for authentication and encryption using improved ECC for IoT-based medical sensor data","volume":"8","author":"Khan","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.3233\/AO-200232","article-title":"SAREF4health: Towards IoT standard-based ontology-driven cardiac e-health systems","volume":"15","author":"Moreira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Ontol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.irbm.2019.11.003","article-title":"A wearable system for in-home and long-term assessment of fetal movement","volume":"41","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"IRBM"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2021.106247","article-title":"D-SORM: A digital solution for remote monitoring based on the attitude of wearable devices","volume":"208","author":"Abbas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comput. Methods Progr. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Halhouli, A., Al-Ghussain, L., Khallouf, O., Rabadi, A., Alawadi, J., Liu, H., Al Oweidat, K., Chen, F., and Zheng, D. (2021). Clinical evaluation of respiratory rate measurements on COPD (Male) patients using wearable inkjet-printed sensor. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21020468"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2020.108551","article-title":"Conceptual design of a machine learning-based wearable soft sensor for non-invasive cardiovascular risk assessment","volume":"169","author":"Arpaia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8133","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2020.3042502","article-title":"Docker-based intelligent fall detection using edge-fog cloud infrastructure","volume":"8","author":"Divya","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.001.2000405","article-title":"Non-Invasive Wearable Optical Sensors for Full Gait Analysis in E-Health Architecture","volume":"28","author":"Domingues","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_78","unstructured":"Hariharan, U., Rajkumar, K., Akilan, T., and Jeyavel, J. (2021). Internet of Medical Things, Springer."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.001.2000407","article-title":"A deep segmentation network of stent structs based on IoT for interventional cardiovascular diagnosis","volume":"28","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1007\/s12530-021-09374-5","article-title":"Biofeedback: E-health prediction based on evolving fuzzy neural network and wearable technologies","volume":"12","author":"Malcangi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Evol. Syst."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbsr.2021.100398","article-title":"ECG diagnostic support system (EDSS): A deep learning neural network based classification system for detecting ECG abnormal rhythms from a low-powered wearable biosensors","volume":"31","author":"Panganiban","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sens. Bio-Sens. Res."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-22663-6","article-title":"Imperceptible energy harvesting device and biomedical sensor based on ultraflexible ferroelectric transducers and organic diodes","volume":"12","author":"Petritz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4449","DOI":"10.1007\/s12652-019-01593-8","article-title":"Biological age estimation using an eHealth system based on wearable sensors","volume":"12","author":"Pierleoni","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Ambient Intell. Humaniz. Comput."},{"key":"ref_84","first-page":"82","article-title":"Reliability and validity analysis of smartwatches use for healthcare","volume":"9","author":"Putri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Period. Eng. Nat. Sci."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1109\/TEM.2021.3062786","article-title":"Design and implementation of a platform for wearable\/mobile smart environments","volume":"70","author":"Sartori","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Eng. Manag."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Werner, C., Awai Easthope, C., Curt, A., and Demk\u00f3, L. (2021). Towards a mobile gait analysis for patients with a spinal cord injury: A robust algorithm validated for slow walking speeds. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21217381"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14191","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2021.3061458","article-title":"Activity recognition and anomaly detection in E-health applications using color-coded representation and lightweight CNN architectures","volume":"21","author":"Yatbaz","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_88","first-page":"144","article-title":"Multi-ResAtt: Multilevel Residual Network with Attention for Human Activity Recognition Using Wearable Sensors","volume":"19","author":"Dahou","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Inform."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alsareii, S.A., Awais, M., Alamri, A.M., AlAsmari, M.Y., Irfan, M., Aslam, N., and Raza, M. (2022). Physical Activity Monitoring and Classification Using Machine Learning Techniques. Life, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/life12081103"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amato, F., Balzano, W., and Cozzolino, G. (2022). Design of a Wearable Healthcare Emergency Detection Device for Elder Persons. Appl. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/app12052345"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3017","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-022-02238-1","article-title":"The prevention of falls in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease with in-home monitoring using a wearable system: A pilot study protocol","volume":"34","author":"Campani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aging Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2021.104625","article-title":"A machine learning approach for semi-automatic assessment of IADL dependence in older adults with wearable sensors","volume":"157","author":"Garrido","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Med Inform."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1109\/RBME.2021.3069815","article-title":"A wearable tele-health system towards monitoring COVID-19 and chronic diseases","volume":"15","author":"Jiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Rev. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pathak, N., Mukherjee, A., and Misra, S. (2022). SemBox: Semantic Interoperability in a Box for Wearable e-Health Devices. Accepted. IEEE J. Biomed. Health Inform., 1.","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2022.3168071"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2205956","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202205956","article-title":"Multi-Electrode Printed Bioelectronic Patches for Long-Term Electrophysiological Monitoring","volume":"32","author":"Majidi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1599","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-021-08963-6","article-title":"On Development of MySignals based prototype for application in health vitals monitoring","volume":"122","author":"Saif","year":"2022","journal-title":"Wirel. Pers. Commun."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2022.3219364","article-title":"WMNN: Wearables-based Multi-column Neural Network for Human Activity Recognition","volume":"27","author":"Tang","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE J. Biomed. Health Inform."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/3\/1678\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:22:56Z","timestamp":1760120576000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/3\/1678"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,3]]},"references-count":97,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["s23031678"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s23031678","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,3]]}}}