{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:51:14Z","timestamp":1760147474504,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,4]],"date-time":"2023-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675468800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union Agency for the Space Programme","award":["GSA\/GRANT\/03\/2016\/3PfD","5026\/GSA\/2019\/2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GSA\/GRANT\/03\/2016\/3PfD","5026\/GSA\/2019\/2"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004569","name":"Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GSA\/GRANT\/03\/2016\/3PfD","5026\/GSA\/2019\/2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GSA\/GRANT\/03\/2016\/3PfD","5026\/GSA\/2019\/2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004569","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This article discusses the increasing security risk for the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) due to both unintentional and deliberate interference (attacks), which have gotten significantly worse in 2022 due to tense the international situation. The upcoming Galileo Public Regulated Service (PRS), which is more resilient and robust than initial GNSS open services, is one of the key solutions for that problem. The technical description of this service, aspects regarding its implementation in the EU and the role of designated governmental authorities in that process are extensively covered in the first sections of the article. The next relevant issue brought up in the paper is the PRS signals\u2019 coexistence with amateur services operating within the same frequency resources, which have recently became a source of significant controversy in Europe. Finally, the article presents the Polish contribution to the Galileo PRS preparatory actions, covering the participation in two international R&amp;D projects, the developed measurement station and initial results for the GNSS receiver\u2019s jamming and spoofing resistance tests, as well as the concept of the Galileo PRS threats detection system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23041770","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,6]],"date-time":"2023-02-06T02:06:43Z","timestamp":1675649203000},"page":"1770","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Preparations for Galileo PRS in Poland"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3594-8462","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Bronk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Telecommunications, 04-894 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"Lipka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Telecommunications, 04-894 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5106-9046","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafal","family":"Niski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Telecommunications, 04-894 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"EU Agency for the Space Programme (2022, December 01). Available online: https:\/\/www.euspa.europa.eu\/."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2022, December 01). ESA Navipedia. Available online: https:\/\/gssc.esa.int\/navipedia\/."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Polish Ministry of the Interior and Administration (2022, December 01). Available online: https:\/\/www.gov.pl\/web\/mswia\/usluga-prs-public-regulated-service-systemu-satelitarnego-galileo."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"ITU-R (2020). Radio Regulation, ITU-R. Edition 2020."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"ITU-R (2022). Studies [and Guidelines] Regarding the Protection of the Primary Radionavigation-Satellite Service (Space-to-Earth) by the Secondary Amateur and Amateur-Satellite Services in the Frequency Band 1 240-1 300 MHz, ITU-R. working document of ITU-R WP 4C."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"ITU-R (2020). Studies on Technical and Operational Measures to Be Applied in the Frequency Band 1 240-1 300 MHz to Ensure the Protection of the Radionavigation-Satellite Service (Space-to-Earth), ITU-R."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"(2022, December 01). White Paper on Using GNSS Raw Measurements on Android Devices. Available online: https:\/\/www.euspa.europa.eu\/newsroom\/news\/available-now-white-paper-using-gnss-raw-measurements-android-devices."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"(2022, December 01). RTKLIB: An Open Source Program Package for GNSS Positioning. Available online: https:\/\/www.rtklib.com\/."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"(2022, December 01). 3GPP TS 25.171 V16.0.0, Requirements for support of Assisted Global Positioning System (A-GPS); 2020, 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). Available online: https:\/\/portal.3gpp.org\/desktopmodules\/Specifications\/SpecificationDetails.aspx?specificationId=461."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"van Diggelen, F. (1998). GPS Accuracy: Lies, Damn Lies, and Statistics, GPS World."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"(2022, December 01). GNSS\/GPS Accuracy Explained. Available online: https:\/\/junipersys.com\/support\/article\/6614."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"(2022, December 01). Dual-Frequency GNSS on Android Devices. Available online: https:\/\/barbeau.medium.com\/dual-frequency-gnss-on-android-devices-152b8826e1c."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"(2022, December 01). Inside GNSS, Fully Operational Galileo PRS Edges Closer. Available online: https:\/\/insidegnss.com\/fully-operational-galileo-prs-edges-closer\/."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"C4ISRNET (2022, December 01). Why Isn\u2019t Russia Doing More to Jam GPS in Ukraine?. Available online: https:\/\/www.c4isrnet.com\/opinion\/2022\/07\/22\/why-isnt-russia-jamming-gps-harder-in-ukraine\/."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"SPACE (2022, December 01). Russia Is Jamming GPS Satellite Signals in Ukraine, US Space Force Says. Available online: https:\/\/www.space.com\/russia-jamming-gps-signals-ukraine."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Army Technology (2022, December 01). Russian Aggression Shows the West\u2019s GNSS Weakness. Available online: https:\/\/www.army-technology.com\/comment\/russian-aggression-shows-the-wests-gnss-weakness\/."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, Z., Zhang, Y., Yang, Y., Liang, C., and Liu, R. (2020). Spoofing and Anti-Spoofing Technologies of Global Navigation Satellite System: A Survey, IEEE Access.","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3022294"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/4\/1770\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:24:21Z","timestamp":1760120661000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/4\/1770"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,4]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["s23041770"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s23041770","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,4]]}}}