{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T16:20:55Z","timestamp":1773246055393,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,7]],"date-time":"2023-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675728000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004606","name":"Chang Gung Medical Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CMRPG3C0461-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMRPG3C0461-4"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004606","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004606","name":"Chang Gung Medical Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CMRPG3K1021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMRPG3K1021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004606","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004606","name":"Chang Gung Medical Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CMRPG3K0231-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMRPG3K0231-2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004606","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004606","name":"Chang Gung Medical Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CMRPG3L0661-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMRPG3L0661-2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004606","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004606","name":"Chang Gung Medical Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CMRPG3M0021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMRPG3M0021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004606","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004606","name":"Chang Gung Medical Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BMRPJ26"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BMRPJ26"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004606","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004606","name":"Chang Gung Medical Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NSC 102-2314-B-182-012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSC 102-2314-B-182-012"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004606","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Taiwan\u2019s Ministry of Science and Technology","award":["CMRPG3C0461-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMRPG3C0461-4"]}]},{"name":"Taiwan\u2019s Ministry of Science and Technology","award":["CMRPG3K1021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMRPG3K1021"]}]},{"name":"Taiwan\u2019s Ministry of Science and Technology","award":["CMRPG3K0231-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMRPG3K0231-2"]}]},{"name":"Taiwan\u2019s Ministry of Science and Technology","award":["CMRPG3L0661-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMRPG3L0661-2"]}]},{"name":"Taiwan\u2019s Ministry of Science and Technology","award":["CMRPG3M0021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMRPG3M0021"]}]},{"name":"Taiwan\u2019s Ministry of Science and Technology","award":["BMRPJ26"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BMRPJ26"]}]},{"name":"Taiwan\u2019s Ministry of Science and Technology","award":["NSC 102-2314-B-182-012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSC 102-2314-B-182-012"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Several methods for the measurement of tactile acuity have been devised previously, but unexpected nonspatial cues and intensive manual skill requirements compromise measurement accuracy. Therefore, we must urgently develop an automated, accurate, and noninvasive method for assessing tactile acuity. The present study develops a novel method applying a robotic tactile stimulator to automatically measure tactile acuity that comprises eye-opened, eye-closed training, and testing sessions. Healthy participants judge the orientation of a rotating grating ball presented on their index fingerpads in a two-alternative forced-choice task. A variable rotation speed of 5, 10, 40, or 160 mm\/s was used for the tactile measurement at a variety of difficulties. All participants met the passing criteria for the training experiment. Performance in orientation identification, quantified by the proportion of trials with correct answers, differed across scanning directions, with the highest rotation speed (160 mm\/s) having the worst performance. Accuracy did not differ between vertical and horizontal orientations. Our results demonstrated the utility of the pre-test training protocol and the functionality of the developed procedure for tactile acuity assessment. The novel protocol performed well when applied to the participants. Future studies will be conducted to apply this method to patients with impairment of light touch.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23041844","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,8]],"date-time":"2023-02-08T02:04:16Z","timestamp":1675821856000},"page":"1844","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A Novel Tactile Function Assessment Using a Miniature Tactile Stimulator"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Chung-Tung","family":"Sung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Education, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan"}]},{"given":"Yung-Jung","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Education, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9796-9744","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jian-Jia","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan"},{"name":"Center of Vascularized Tissue Allograft, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan"},{"name":"Master of Science Degree Program in Innovation for Smart Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan"}]},{"given":"Yu-Cheng","family":"Pei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan"},{"name":"Center of Vascularized Tissue Allograft, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan"},{"name":"Master of Science Degree Program in Innovation for Smart Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan"}]},{"given":"Lei-Chi","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan"}]},{"given":"Wen-Hsin","family":"Mai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4547-6155","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bao-Luen","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-63622-5.00009-7","article-title":"Somatosensory deficits","volume":"Volume 151","author":"Klingner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Handbook of Clinical Neurology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2361","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.44.12.2361","article-title":"The limit of tactile spatial resolution in humans: Grating orientation discrimination at the lip, tongue, and finger","volume":"44","author":"Johnson","year":"1994","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/117.1.149","article-title":"A psychophysical study of the mechanisms of sensory recovery following nerve injury in humans","volume":"117","author":"Johnson","year":"1994","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193734","article-title":"Tactile spatial acuity differs between fingers: A study comparing two testing paradigms","volume":"68","author":"Grant","year":"2006","journal-title":"Percept. 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