{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T08:23:38Z","timestamp":1782894218601,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":141,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,7]],"date-time":"2023-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675728000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A quantitative evaluation of kinetic parameters, the joint\u2019s range of motion, heart rate, and breathing rate, can be employed in sports performance tracking and rehabilitation monitoring following injuries or surgical operations. However, many of the current detection systems are expensive and designed for clinical use, requiring the presence of a physician and medical staff to assist users in the device\u2019s positioning and measurements. The goal of wearable sensors is to overcome the limitations of current devices, enabling the acquisition of a user\u2019s vital signs directly from the body in an accurate and non\u2013invasive way. In sports activities, wearable sensors allow athletes to monitor performance and body movements objectively, going beyond the coach\u2019s subjective evaluation limits. The main goal of this review paper is to provide a comprehensive overview of wearable technologies and sensing systems to detect and monitor the physiological parameters of patients during post\u2013operative rehabilitation and athletes\u2019 training, and to present evidence that supports the efficacy of this technology for healthcare applications. First, a classification of the human physiological parameters acquired from the human body by sensors attached to sensitive skin locations or worn as a part of garments is introduced, carrying important feedback on the user\u2019s health status. Then, a detailed description of the electromechanical transduction mechanisms allows a comparison of the technologies used in wearable applications to monitor sports and rehabilitation activities. This paves the way for an analysis of wearable technologies, providing a comprehensive comparison of the current state of the art of available sensors and systems. Comparative and statistical analyses are provided to point out useful insights for defining the best technologies and solutions for monitoring body movements. Lastly, the presented review is compared with similar ones reported in the literature to highlight its strengths and novelties.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23041856","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,8]],"date-time":"2023-02-08T02:04:16Z","timestamp":1675821856000},"page":"1856","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":211,"title":["Wearable Sensors and Smart Devices to Monitor Rehabilitation Parameters and Sports Performance: An Overview"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0893-138X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"De Fazio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Innovation Engineering, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy"},{"name":"Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad Panamericana, Aguascalientes 20290, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7782-8071","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincenzo Mariano","family":"Mastronardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Innovation Engineering, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy"},{"name":"Center for Biomolecular Nanotechnologies, Italian Technology Institute IIT, 73010 Arnesano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Massimo","family":"De Vittorio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Innovation Engineering, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy"},{"name":"Center for Biomolecular Nanotechnologies, Italian Technology Institute IIT, 73010 Arnesano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4058-4042","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo","family":"Visconti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Innovation Engineering, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy"},{"name":"Center for Biomolecular Nanotechnologies, Italian Technology Institute IIT, 73010 Arnesano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"114","article-title":"Wearable Sensors for Monitoring the Physiological and Biochemical Profile of the Athlete","volume":"2","author":"Seshadri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Npj Digit. 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