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technology. Currently, wearable skin-integrated tactile and force sensors are widely used in immersive human\u2013machine interactions due to their ultra-thin, ultra-soft, conformal characteristics. In this paper, the recent progress of tactile and force sensors used in HMI are reviewed, including piezoresistive, capacitive, piezoelectric, triboelectric, and other sensors. Then, this paper discusses how to improve the performance of tactile and force sensors for HMI. Next, this paper summarizes the HMI for dexterous robotic manipulation and VR\/AR applications. Finally, this paper summarizes and proposes the future development trend of HMI.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23041868","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,8]],"date-time":"2023-02-08T02:04:16Z","timestamp":1675821856000},"page":"1868","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":73,"title":["Recent Progress of Tactile and Force Sensors for Human\u2013Machine Interaction"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0433-293X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiandong","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Integrated Circuits and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"}]},{"given":"Jiong","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Integrated Circuits and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2425-5924","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tianrui","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Integrated Circuits and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"}]},{"given":"Sheng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Integrated Circuits and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"}]},{"given":"Tian-Ling","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Integrated Circuits and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"},{"name":"Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat4671","article-title":"Pursuing prosthetic electronic skin","volume":"15","author":"Chortos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. 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