{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T04:10:54Z","timestamp":1771301454046,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,10]],"date-time":"2023-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675987200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002383","name":"King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RSPD2023R681"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RSPD2023R681"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002383","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002383","name":"King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["101016567"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101016567"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002383","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002383","name":"King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["19PFE\/30.12.2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19PFE\/30.12.2021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002383","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"UEFISCDI Romania and MCI","award":["RSPD2023R681"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RSPD2023R681"]}]},{"name":"UEFISCDI Romania and MCI","award":["101016567"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101016567"]}]},{"name":"UEFISCDI Romania and MCI","award":["19PFE\/30.12.2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19PFE\/30.12.2021"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Research, Innovation, Digitization from Romania","award":["RSPD2023R681"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RSPD2023R681"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Research, Innovation, Digitization from Romania","award":["101016567"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101016567"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Research, Innovation, Digitization from Romania","award":["19PFE\/30.12.2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19PFE\/30.12.2021"]}]},{"name":"National Plan of R &amp; D, Project PN 19 11, Subprogram 1.1. 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Spectrum scarcity arises due to the stable channel allocation, which the CRN handles. Spectrum handoff management is a critical problem that must be addressed in the CRN to ensure indefinite connection and profitable use of unallocated spectrum space for secondary users (SUs). Spectrum handoff (SHO) has some disadvantages, i.e., communication delay and power consumption. To overcome these drawbacks, a reduction in handoff should be a priority. This study proposes the use of dynamic spectrum access (DSA) to check for available channels for SU during handoff using a metaheuristic algorithm depending on machine learning. The simulation results show that the proposed \u201csupport vector machine-based red deer algorithm\u201d (SVM-RDA) is resilient and has low complexity. The suggested algorithm\u2019s experimental setup offers several handoffs, unsuccessful handoffs, handoff delay, throughput, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), SU bandwidth, and total spectrum bandwidth. This study provides an improved system performance during SHO. The inferred technique anticipates handoff delay and minimizes the handoff numbers. The results show that the recommended method is better at making predictions with fewer handoffs compared to the other three.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23042011","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,10]],"date-time":"2023-02-10T06:43:23Z","timestamp":1676011403000},"page":"2011","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Innovative Spectrum Handoff Process Using a Machine Learning-Based Metaheuristic Algorithm"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2165-5543","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vikas","family":"Srivastava","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, India"},{"name":"Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Pranveer Singh Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208001, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Parulpreet","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3433-8248","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Praveen Kumar","family":"Malik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3164-8905","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rajesh","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Research and Innovation, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun 248007, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1776-4651","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sudeep","family":"Tanwar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Institute of Technology, Nirma University, Ahmedabad 382481, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8972-5953","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fayez","family":"Alqahtani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Software Engineering Department, College of Computer and Information Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 12372, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3439-6413","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amr","family":"Tolba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science Department, Community College, King Saud University, Riyadh 11437, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Verdes","family":"Marina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Building Services, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Building Services, Technical University of Gheorghe Asachi, 700050 Ia\u0219i, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7277-4377","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Simona","family":"Raboaca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral School, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei Street No. 313, 060042 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"National Research and Development Institute for Cryogenic and Isotopic Technologies\u2014ICSI Rm. 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