{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:52:09Z","timestamp":1760147529646,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,10]],"date-time":"2023-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675987200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["201962010","WST2020002","62001262","ZR2020QF008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201962010","WST2020002","62001262","ZR2020QF008"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Shandong Province Double-Hundred Talent Plan","award":["201962010","WST2020002","62001262","ZR2020QF008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201962010","WST2020002","62001262","ZR2020QF008"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["201962010","WST2020002","62001262","ZR2020QF008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201962010","WST2020002","62001262","ZR2020QF008"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007129","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["201962010","WST2020002","62001262","ZR2020QF008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201962010","WST2020002","62001262","ZR2020QF008"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007129","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study describes the development of a long-range hybrid autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) for ocean turbulence measurement. It is a unique instrument, combining the characteristics of the conventional AUV and the buoyancy-driven glider, with a variety of flexible motion modes, such as cruise mode, glider mode, drift mode, and combination of multiple motion modes. The hybrid AUV was used for continuous turbulence measurement in the continental slope of the northern South China Sea in 2020. A total of ten continuous profiles were completed covering a horizontal span of 25 Km and a depth of 200 m. The hybrid AUV was operated in the combined glider and cruise mode. The hybrid AUV\u2019s flight performance was stable and satisfied the requirement for turbulence observation. The measured velocity shears from both probes were in good agreement, and the noise-reduced shear spectra were in excellent agreement with the Nasmyth spectrum. The water column in the study area was highly stratified, with a thick thermocline. The dissipation rate (\u03b5) varied from 1.41 \u00d7 10\u221210 to 4.18 \u00d7 10\u22127 W\u00b7kg\u22121. In the surface mixed layer, high values of \u03b5 (10\u22129\u223c10\u22128 W\u00b7kg\u22121) were observed toward the water surface. In the thermocline, \u03b5 was 10\u22129.5\u223c10\u22129 W\u00b7kg\u22121, which was smaller than the level of the surface mixed layer. This result was mainly because of the strong \u201cbarrier\u201d-like thermocline, which damped the transmission of wind and heat energy from the surface mixed layer to the deep layer. Overall, this study demonstrates the utility of hybrid AUVs for collecting oceanic turbulence measurements. They are a powerful addition to traditional turbulence instruments, as they make it possible to survey large areas to obtain high-quality and high-resolution data in both vertical and horizontal directions over long durations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23042014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,13]],"date-time":"2023-02-13T02:14:11Z","timestamp":1676254451000},"page":"2014","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Microstructure Turbulence Measurement in the Northern South China Sea from a Long-Range Hybrid AUV"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Yunli","family":"Nie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Ocean Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Luan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenyang Institute of Automation Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China"}]},{"given":"Libin","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Ocean Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China"}]},{"given":"Dalei","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Engineering, Ocean University of China, No. 238 Songling Rd, Qingdao 266100, China"},{"name":"Institute for Advanced Ocean Study, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China"}]},{"given":"Xiuyan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information and Control Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266100, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Holappa, K.W. 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