{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T19:13:30Z","timestamp":1773256410300,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,10]],"date-time":"2023-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675987200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dispersion of a radiological source is a complex scenario in terms of first response, especially when it occurs in an urban environment. The authors in this paper designed, simulated, and analyzed the data from two different scenarios with the two perspectives of an unintentional fire event and a Radiological Dispersal Device (RDD) intentional explosion. The data of the simulated urban scenario are taken from a real case of orphan sources abandoned in a garage in the center of the city of Milan (Italy) in 2012. The dispersion and dose levels are simulated using Parallel Micro Swift Spray (PMSS) software, which takes into account the topographic and meteorological information of the reference scenarios. Apart from some differences in the response system of the two scenarios analyzed, the information provided by the modeling technique used, compared to other models not able to capture the actual urban and meteorological contexts, make it possible to modulate a response system that adheres to the real impact of the scenario. The authors, based on the model results and on the evidence provided by the case study, determine the various countermeasures to adopt to mitigate the impact for the population and to reduce the risk factors for the first responders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23042029","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,13]],"date-time":"2023-02-13T02:14:11Z","timestamp":1676254451000},"page":"2029","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Emergency Management in the Event of Radiological Dispersion in an Urban Environment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2744-6339","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edoardo","family":"Cavalieri d\u2019Oro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via del Politecnico, 1, 00133 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"CBRN Unit and Laboratories of the Lombardy Region, Italian National Fire and Rescue Service, Via Messina 39, 20153 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4123-1716","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Malizia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier, 1, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Cavalieri d\u2019Oro, E. (2013, January 28\u201331). Complessit\u00e0 sistemiche e di attuazione del meccanismo del Decreto Legislativo 6 febbraio 2007, n. 52 sulle sorgenti orfane: Il caso di via Soave a Milano. Proceedings of the Annual AIRP Conference, Palermo, Italy."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"International Atomic Energy Agency (2000). Generic Procedures for Assessment and Response during a Radiological Emergency, IAEA. Available online: https:\/\/www-pub.iaea.org\/mtcd\/publications\/pdf\/te_1162_prn.pdf."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Aria LocalTM (2020). A Micro\u2013Spray Lagrangian Particle Dispersion Model, version 1.13, Arianet SRL."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Tinarelli, G., Brusasca, G., Oldrini, O., Anfossi, D., Castelli, S.T., and Moussafir, J. (2007). Air Pollution Modeling and Its Application XVII, Springer."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"(2020, March 30). ARPAL Regional Agency for the Environmental Protection of Lombardy-Meteorology, Request for Measured Data. 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Available online: https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/LexUriServ\/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2014:013:0001:0073:EN:PDF."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Mesoscale & Microscale Meteorology Laboratory (2022, July 01). Weather Research & Forecasting Model (WRF). Available online: https:\/\/www.mmm.ucar.edu\/models."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2012.02.050","article-title":"Cloud rise model for RDD events","volume":"54","author":"Sharon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1080\/10962247.2018.1493001","article-title":"Cesium emissions from laboratory fires","volume":"68","author":"Hao","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Air Waste Manag. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (2000). 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