{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T11:06:25Z","timestamp":1762254385760,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,11]],"date-time":"2023-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676073600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Reduced graphene oxide (rGO) is a derivative of graphene, which has been widely used as the conductive pigment of many water-based inks and is recognized as one of the most promising graphene-based materials for large-scale and low-cost production processes. In this work, we evaluate a custom functionalised reduced graphene oxide ink (f\u2013rGO) via inkjet-printing technology. Test line structures were designed and fabricated by the inkjet printing process using the f\u2013rGO ink on a pretreated polyimide substrate. For the electrical characterisation of these devices, two-point (2P) and four-point (4P) probe measurements were implemented. The results showed a major effect of the number of printed passes on the resulting resistance for all ink concentrations in both 2P and 4P cases. Interesting results can be extracted by comparing the obtained multipass resistance values that results to similar effective concentration with less passes. These measurements can provide the ground to grasp the variation in resistance values due to the different ink concentrations, and printing passes and can provide a useful guide in achieving specific resistance values with adequate precision. Accompanying topography measurements have been conducted with white-light interferometry. Furthermore, thermal characterisation was carried out to evaluate the operation of the devices as temperature sensors and heaters. It has been found that ink concentration and printing passes directly influence the performance of both the temperature sensors and heaters.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23042058","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,13]],"date-time":"2023-02-13T02:14:11Z","timestamp":1676254451000},"page":"2058","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Study of Single and Multipass f\u2013rGO Inkjet-Printed Structures with Various Concentrations: Electrical and Thermal Evaluation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7696-7304","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Apostolos","family":"Apostolakis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"microSENSES Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, University of West Attica, 12244 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4462-5398","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dimitris","family":"Barmpakos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"microSENSES Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, University of West Attica, 12244 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aggelos","family":"Pilatis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"microSENSES Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, University of West Attica, 12244 Athens, Greece"},{"name":"Department of Naval Architecture, University of West Attica, 12244 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9866-7668","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vassiliki","family":"Belessi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Graphic Design and Visual Communication, Graphic Arts Technology Study Direction, University of West Attica, 12243 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4654-8728","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dimitrios-Nikolaos","family":"Pagonis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Naval Architecture, University of West Attica, 12244 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fadi","family":"Jaber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ajman University, Ajman P.O. Box 346, United Arab Emirates"},{"name":"Center of Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman P.O. Box 346, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Konstantinos","family":"Aidinis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman P.O. Box 346, United Arab Emirates"},{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ajman University, Ajman P.O. Box 346, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1976-2107","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grigoris","family":"Kaltsas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"microSENSES Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, University of West Attica, 12244 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3383","DOI":"10.1007\/s11434-010-3251-y","article-title":"Inkjet Printing for Flexible Electronics: Materials, Processes and Equipments","volume":"55","author":"Yin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chin. Sci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wiklund, J., Karako\u00e7, A., Palko, T., Yi\u011fitler, H., Ruttik, K., J\u00e4ntti, R., and Paltakari, J. (2021). 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