{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:05:35Z","timestamp":1787029535116,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,14]],"date-time":"2023-02-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676332800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018R1A5A7023490"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018R1A5A7023490"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019R1F1A1063621"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019R1F1A1063621"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021R1F1A1063485"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021R1F1A1063485"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NK236C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NK236C"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P0016173"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P0016173"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003701","name":"Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018R1A5A7023490"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018R1A5A7023490"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003701","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003701","name":"Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019R1F1A1063621"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019R1F1A1063621"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003701","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003701","name":"Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021R1F1A1063485"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021R1F1A1063485"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003701","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003701","name":"Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NK236C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NK236C"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003701","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003701","name":"Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P0016173"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P0016173"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003701","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003052","name":"Ministry of Trade, Industry, and Energy","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018R1A5A7023490"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018R1A5A7023490"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003052","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003052","name":"Ministry of Trade, Industry, and Energy","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019R1F1A1063621"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019R1F1A1063621"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003052","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003052","name":"Ministry of Trade, Industry, and Energy","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021R1F1A1063485"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021R1F1A1063485"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003052","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003052","name":"Ministry of Trade, Industry, and Energy","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NK236C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NK236C"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003052","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003052","name":"Ministry of Trade, Industry, and Energy","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P0016173"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P0016173"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003052","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Korea Institute for Advancement of Technology","award":["2018R1A5A7023490"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018R1A5A7023490"]}]},{"name":"Korea Institute for Advancement of Technology","award":["2019R1F1A1063621"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019R1F1A1063621"]}]},{"name":"Korea Institute for Advancement of Technology","award":["2021R1F1A1063485"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021R1F1A1063485"]}]},{"name":"Korea Institute for Advancement of Technology","award":["NK236C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NK236C"]}]},{"name":"Korea Institute for Advancement of Technology","award":["P0016173"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P0016173"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>As the use of drones grows, so too does the demand for physical protection against drone damage resulting from collisions and falls. In addition, as the flight environment becomes more complicated, a shock absorption system is required, in which the protective structure can be deformed based on the circumstances. Here, we present an origami- and kirigami-based structure that provides protection from various directions. This research adds a deformation capacity to existing fixed-shape guards; by using shape memory alloys, the diameter and height of the protective structure are controlled. We present three protective modes (1: large diameter\/low height; 2: small diameter\/large height; and 3: lotus shaped) that mitigate drone falls and side collisions. From the result of the drop impact test, mode 2 showed a 78.2% reduction in the maximum impact force at side impact. We incorporated kirigami patterns into the origami structures in order to investigate the aerodynamic effects of the hollow patterns. Airflow experiments yielded a macro understanding of flow-through behaviors on each kirigami pattern. In the wind speed experiment, the change in airflow velocity induced by the penetration of the kirigami pattern was measured, and in the force measurement experiment, the air force applied to the structure was determined.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23042150","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,15]],"date-time":"2023-02-15T02:01:10Z","timestamp":1676426470000},"page":"2150","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Origami and Kirigami Structure for Impact Energy Absorption: Its Application to Drone Guards"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Chan-Young","family":"Park","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical, Robotics and Energy Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoon-Ah","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical, Robotics and Energy Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinwoo","family":"Jang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical, Robotics and Energy Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min-Woo","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical, Robotics and Energy Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techsoc.2019.101180","article-title":"Public acceptance of drones: Knowledge, attitudes, and practice","volume":"59","author":"Aydin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Technol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14542","article-title":"Science, technology and the future of small autonomous drones","volume":"521","author":"Floreano","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1002\/net.21818","article-title":"Optimization approaches for civil applications of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) or aerial drones: A survey","volume":"72","author":"Otto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Networks"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"40","article-title":"Drones: Designed for product delivery","volume":"26","author":"Bamburry","year":"2015","journal-title":"Des. Manag. Rev."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1002\/rob.20401","article-title":"Autonomous transportation and deployment with aerial robots for search and rescue missions","volume":"28","author":"Bernard","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Field Robot."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2018.07.063","article-title":"Review on Application of Drone Systems in Precision Agriculture","volume":"133","author":"Mogili","year":"2018","journal-title":"Procedia Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2018.00018","DOI":"10.4293\/JSLS.2018.00018","article-title":"Surgical and Medical Applications of Drones: A Comprehensive Review","volume":"22","author":"Rosser","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Soc. Laparoendosc."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kwag, Y.K., and Chung, C.H. (2007, January 23\u201328). UAV based collision avoidance radar sensor. Proceedings of the 2007 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Barcelona, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2007.4422877"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.4172\/2168-9792.1000114","article-title":"Development and flight test of an avionics LIDAR for helicopter and UAV low-level flight","volume":"2","author":"Sabatini","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Aeronaut. Aerosp. Eng."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1002\/rob.21863","article-title":"Overview obstacle maps for obstacle-aware navigation of autonomous drones","volume":"36","author":"Pestana","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Field Robot."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12300","DOI":"10.1111\/str.12300","article-title":"Impact of motion blur on stereo-digital image correlation with the focus on a drone-carried stereo rig","volume":"55","author":"Balcaen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Strain"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stanoev, A., Audinet, N., Tancock, S., and Dahnoun, N. (2017, January 18\u201320). Real-time stereo vision for collision detection on autonomous UAVs. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE International Conference on Imaging Systems and Techniques (IST), Beijing, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/IST.2017.8261524"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1002\/rob.21743","article-title":"A direct visual servoing-based framework for the 2016 IROS Autonomous Drone Racing Challenge","volume":"35","author":"Jung","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Field Robot."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1002\/rob.20387","article-title":"Walker. Fixed-wing attitude estimation using temporal tracking of the horizon and optical flow","volume":"28","author":"Dusha","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Field Robot."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1705202","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201705202","article-title":"Bioinspired Artificial Eyes: Optic Components, Digital Cameras, and Visual Prostheses","volume":"28","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1705912","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201705912","article-title":"Mining the Smartness of Insect Ultrastructures for Advanced Imaging and Illumination","volume":"28","author":"Chung","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wild, G., Murray, J., and Baxter, G. (2016). Exploring Civil Drone Accidents and Incidents to Help Prevent Potential Air Disasters. Aerospace, 3.","DOI":"10.3390\/aerospace3030022"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1609","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-017-3485-z","article-title":"Skull fracture with effacement of the superior sagittal sinus following drone impact: A case report","volume":"33","author":"Chung","year":"2017","journal-title":"Childs Nerv. Syst."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.5028\/jatm.v9i2.701","article-title":"A Post-Accident Analysis of Civil Remotely-Piloted Aircraft System Accidents and Incidents","volume":"9","author":"Wild","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Aerosp. Technol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2021.105273","article-title":"Factors affecting unmanned aerial vehicles\u2019 safety: A post-occurrence exploratory data analysis of drones\u2019 accidents and incidents in Australia","volume":"139","author":"Ghasri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Saf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106458","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2019.106458","article-title":"Ten questions concerning the use of drones in urban environments","volume":"167","author":"Watkins","year":"2020","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1109\/LRA.2017.2658946","article-title":"Insect-Inspired Mechanical Resilience for Multicopters","volume":"2","author":"Mintchev","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Robot. Autom. Lett."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dilavero\u011flu, L., and \u00d6zcan, O. (July, January 15). MiniCoRe: A Miniature, Foldable, Collision Resilient Quadcopter. Proceedings of the 2020 3rd IEEE International Conference on Soft Robotics (RoboSoft), New Haven, CT, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/RoboSoft48309.2020.9115993"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klaptocz, A., Briod, A., Daler, L., Zufferey, J.-C., and Floreano, D. (2013, January 3\u20137). Euler spring collision protection for flying robots. Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE\/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, Tokyo, Japan.","DOI":"10.1109\/IROS.2013.6696606"},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Yan, G., and Dees, J. (2011). (Advanced LLC). Self-righting Frame and Aeronautical Vehicle. (8528854B2), US Patent."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1002\/rob.21495","article-title":"A Collision-resilient Flying Robot","volume":"31","author":"Briod","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Field Robot."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2100679","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202100679","article-title":"Bio-Inspired Large-Area Soft Sensing Skins to Measure UAV Wing Deformation in Flight","volume":"31","author":"Shin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1152","DOI":"10.1109\/TRO.2012.2201309","article-title":"An Active Uprighting Mechanism for Flying Robots","volume":"28","author":"Klaptocz","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Robot."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Klaptocz, A. (2012). Design of Flying Robots for Collision Absorption and Self-Recovery. [Ph.D. Thesis, Ecole Polytechnique F\u00b4ed\u00b4erale de Lausanne]."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salaan, C.J., Okada, Y., Hozumi, K., Ohno, K., and Tadokoro, S. (2016, January 9\u201314). Improvement of UAV\u2019s flight performance by reducing the drag force of spherical shell. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE\/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS), Daejeon, Republic of Korea.","DOI":"10.1109\/IROS.2016.7759274"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1007\/s10514-009-9173-4","article-title":"Steerable Miniature Jumping Robot","volume":"28","author":"Schlegel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Auton. Robot."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aoki, T., Ito, S., and Sei, Y. (October, January 28). Development of quadruped walking robot with spherical shell-mechanical design for rotational locomotion. Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE\/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS), Hamburg, Germany.","DOI":"10.1109\/IROS.2015.7354187"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2345","DOI":"10.1177\/0954406215597713","article-title":"A review of origami applications in mechanical engineering","volume":"230","author":"Turner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part C J. Mech. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1805282","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201805282","article-title":"Architected Origami Materials: How Folding Creates Sophisticated Mechanical Properties","volume":"31","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eml.2017.09.008","article-title":"Asymmetric energy barrier and mechanical diode effect from folding multi-stable stacked-origami","volume":"17","author":"Fang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Extrem. Mech. Lett."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"011003","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4024405","article-title":"Energy Absorption of Thin-Walled Square Tubes With a Prefolded Origami Pattern\u2014Part I: Geometry and Numerical Simulation","volume":"81","author":"Ma","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Appl. Mech."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eml.2021.101315","article-title":"Curving origami with mechanical frustration","volume":"46","author":"Jules","year":"2021","journal-title":"Extrem. Mech. Lett."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eml.2021.101213","article-title":"Generalized modeling of origami folding joints","volume":"45","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Extrem. Mech. Lett."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100958","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eml.2020.100958","article-title":"Dynamic folding of origami by exploiting asymmetric bi-stability","volume":"40","author":"Sadeghi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Extrem. Mech. Lett."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1089\/soro.2016.0038","article-title":"Origami Wheel Transformer: A Variable-Diameter Wheel Drive Robot Using an Origami Structure","volume":"4","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Soft Robot."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kornatowski, P.M., Mintchev, S., and Floreano, D. (2017, January 24\u201328). An origami-inspired cargo drone. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE\/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS), Vancouver, BC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/IROS.2017.8206607"},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"1747","article-title":"Application of Japanese Origami Ball for Floating Multirotor Aerial Robot","volume":"8","author":"Le","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Mec. Aerosp. Ind. Mech. Manuf. Eng."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u00c7akmak, U., Graz, I., Moser, R., Fischlschweiger, M., and Major, Z. (2020). Embedded NiTi Wires for Improved Dynamic Thermomechanical Performance of Silicone Elastomers. Materials, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13225076"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u00c7akmak, U., Major, Z., and Fischlschweiger, M. (2021). Mechanical Consequences of Dynamically Loaded NiTi Wires under Typical Actuator Conditions in Rehabilitation and Neuroscience. J. Funct. Biomater., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb12010004"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2020.112227","article-title":"Hybrid composite actuator with shape retention capability for morphing flap of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)","volume":"243","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1606580","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201606580","article-title":"Blooming Knit Flowers: Loop-Linked Soft Morphing Structures for Soft Robotics","volume":"29","author":"Han","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Mat."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2015.10.009","article-title":"Woven type smart soft composite for soft morphing car spoiler","volume":"86","author":"Han","year":"2016","journal-title":"Compos. Part B-Eng."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2020.108170","article-title":"Shape memory textile composites with multi-mode actuations for soft morphing skins","volume":"198","author":"Han","year":"2020","journal-title":"Compos. Part B-Eng."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2013.08.195","article-title":"Determination of energy during the dry drilling of PEEK GF30 considering the effect of torque","volume":"63","author":"Domingo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Procedia Eng."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"37632","article-title":"Barrier, Adsorptive, and Mechanical Properties of Containers Molded from PET\/PP Blends for Use in Pharmaceutical Solutions","volume":"2013","author":"Tadashi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Appl."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stachiv, I., Alarcon, E., and Lamac, M. (2021). Shape Memory Alloys and Polymers for MEMS\/NEMS Applications: Review on Recent Findings and Challenges in Design, Preparation, and Characterization. Metals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/met11030415"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2015.12.051","article-title":"Shape Memory Alloy\/Glass Fiber Woven Composite for Soft Morphing Winglets of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles","volume":"140","author":"Han","year":"2016","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1119\/1.1794755","article-title":"A classical experiment revisited: The bounce of balls and superballs in three dimensions","volume":"73","author":"Domenech","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1119\/1.1450571","article-title":"Measurements of the horizontal coefficient of restitution for a superball and a tennis ball","volume":"70","author":"Cross","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/S0734-743X(05)80013-2","article-title":"Modelling of the impact response of motorcycle helmets","volume":"15","author":"Gilchrist","year":"1994","journal-title":"Int. J. Impact Eng."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/AMM.663.574","article-title":"Estimating Energy Absorbing Performance of Motorcycle Safety Helmet","volume":"663","author":"Azhar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Mech. Mater."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-0136(02)00047-X","article-title":"Motorcycle helmet: Part II. Materials and design issues","volume":"123","author":"Shuaeib","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Mater. Process. Tech."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/4\/2150\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:35:04Z","timestamp":1760121304000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/4\/2150"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,14]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["s23042150"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s23042150","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,14]]}}}