{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T14:10:45Z","timestamp":1778767845199,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,15]],"date-time":"2023-02-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676419200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"German Federal Ministry of Education and Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["03160475B"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["03160475B"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"German Federal Ministry of Education and Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["031B0727"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["031B0727"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A soft sensor concept is typically developed and calibrated for individual bioprocesses in a time-consuming manual procedure. Following that, the prediction performance of these soft sensors degrades over time, due to changes in raw materials, biological variability, and modified process strategies. Through automatic adaptation and recalibration, adaptive soft sensor concepts have the potential to generalize soft sensor principles and make them applicable across bioprocesses. In this study, a new generalized adaptation algorithm for soft sensors is developed to provide phase-dependent recalibration of soft sensors based on multiway principal component analysis, a similarity analysis, and robust, generalist phase detection in multiphase bioprocesses. This generalist soft sensor concept was evaluated in two multiphase bioprocesses with various target values, media, and microorganisms. Consequently, the soft sensor concept was tested for biomass prediction in a Pichia pastoris process, and biomass and protein prediction in a Bacillus subtilis process, where the process characteristics (cultivation media and cultivation strategy) were varied. High prediction performance was demonstrated for P. pastoris processes (relative error = 6.9%) as well as B. subtilis processes in two different media during batch and fed-batch phases (relative errors in optimized high-performance medium: biomass prediction = 12.2%, protein prediction = 7.2%; relative errors in standard medium: biomass prediction = 12.8%, protein prediction = 8.8%).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23042178","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,15]],"date-time":"2023-02-15T03:09:21Z","timestamp":1676430561000},"page":"2178","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Generalizability of Soft Sensors for Bioprocesses through Similarity Analysis and Phase-Dependent Recalibration"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Manuel","family":"Siegl","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Brewing and Beverage Technology, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"K\u00e4mpf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Brewing and Beverage Technology, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3697-3958","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dominik","family":"Geier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Brewing and Beverage Technology, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bj\u00f6rn","family":"Andree\u00dfen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clariant Produkte (Deutschland) GmbH, 82152 Planegg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sebastian","family":"Max","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clariant Produkte (Deutschland) GmbH, 82152 Planegg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4084-2603","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Zavrel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clariant Produkte (Deutschland) GmbH, 82152 Planegg, Germany"},{"name":"Professorship for Bioprocess Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Campus Straubing, 94315 Straubing, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Becker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Brewing and Beverage Technology, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compchemeng.2008.12.012","article-title":"Data-driven Soft Sensors in the process industry","volume":"33","author":"Kadlec","year":"2009","journal-title":"Comput. 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