{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T10:23:47Z","timestamp":1769509427066,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,15]],"date-time":"2023-02-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676419200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001804","name":"Canada Research Chairs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["75-67138"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["75-67138"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001804","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001804","name":"Canada Research Chairs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DG-2020-06302"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DG-2020-06302"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001804","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["75-67138"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["75-67138"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DG-2020-06302"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DG-2020-06302"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Transport Canada","award":["75-67138"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["75-67138"]}]},{"name":"Transport Canada","award":["DG-2020-06302"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DG-2020-06302"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, acoustic, dynamic and static strain variations along a steel I-beam generated by an impact load are reconstructed simultaneously within a single measurement. Based on the chirped pulse \u03c6-OTDR system with the single-shot measurement technique, both a higher strain-sensing resolution and a higher measurable vibration frequency are achieved. In addition, a weak fiber Bragg gratings array (WFBGA) with enhanced Rayleigh reflection is employed as a sensor, providing high signal-to-noise ratio Rayleigh traces, resulting in lower measurement uncertainty. In the experiments, the damping constant and fundamental frequency of the damped harmonic oscillator could then be measured based on the recovered strain variation profile for further structural health analysis. Compared with commercial strain gauges, linear potentiometers, and OFDR systems, the proposed sensing system ensures a distributed, quantitative, and high-frequency sensing ability, with an extensive range of potential applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23042194","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,15]],"date-time":"2023-02-15T06:33:01Z","timestamp":1676442781000},"page":"2194","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Distributed Impact Wave Detection in Steel I-Beam with a Weak Fiber Bragg Gratings Array"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9961-0575","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Neil A.","family":"Hoult","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Queen\u2019s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1352-3700","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joshua E.","family":"Woods","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Queen\u2019s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hannah","family":"Kassenaar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Queen\u2019s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5525-0694","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoyi","family":"Bao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, 25 Templeton Street, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8696571","DOI":"10.34133\/2021\/8696571","article-title":"Recent advancements in Rayleigh scattering-based distributed fiber sensors","volume":"2021","author":"Bao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. 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