{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T09:05:30Z","timestamp":1768208730486,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,16]],"date-time":"2023-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing, China","award":["CSTB2022NSCQ-MSX0493"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CSTB2022NSCQ-MSX0493"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing, China","award":["cstc2021jscx-dxwtBX0018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["cstc2021jscx-dxwtBX0018"]}]},{"name":"Chongqing Technology Innovation and Application Development","award":["CSTB2022NSCQ-MSX0493"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CSTB2022NSCQ-MSX0493"]}]},{"name":"Chongqing Technology Innovation and Application Development","award":["cstc2021jscx-dxwtBX0018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["cstc2021jscx-dxwtBX0018"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Iris recognition has been considered as one of the most accurate and reliable biometric technologies, and it is widely used in security applications. Iris segmentation and iris localization, as important preprocessing tasks for iris biometrics, jointly determine the valid iris part of the input eye image; however, iris images that have been captured in user non-cooperative and visible illumination environments often suffer from adverse noise (e.g., light reflection, blurring, and glasses occlusion), which challenges many existing segmentation-based parameter-fitting localization methods. To address this problem, we propose a novel double-center-based end-to-end iris localization and segmentation network. Different from many previous iris localization methods, which use massive post-process methods (e.g., integro-differential operator-based or circular Hough transforms-based) on iris or contour mask to fit the inner and outer circles, our method directly predicts the inner and outer circles of the iris on the feature map. In our method, an anchor-free center-based double-circle iris-localization network and an iris mask segmentation module are designed to directly detect the circle boundary of the pupil and iris, and segment the iris region in an end-to-end framework. To facilitate efficient training, we propose a concentric sampling strategy according to the center distribution of the inner and outer iris circles. Extensive experiments on the four challenging iris data sets show that our method achieves excellent iris-localization performance; in particular, it achieves 84.02% box IoU and 89.15% mask IoU on NICE-II. On the three sub-datasets of MICHE, our method achieves 74.06% average box IoU, surpassing the existing methods by 4.64%.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23042238","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,17]],"date-time":"2023-02-17T01:32:56Z","timestamp":1676597576000},"page":"2238","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Double-Center-Based Iris Localization and Segmentation in Cooperative Environment with Visible Illumination"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Jiangang","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer Science and Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer Science and Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1109\/78.668573","article-title":"A human identification technique using images of the iris and wavelet transform","volume":"46","author":"Boles","year":"1998","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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