{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]],"date-time":"2026-03-07T19:03:54Z","timestamp":1772910234767,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,16]],"date-time":"2023-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000271","name":"Cockcroft Institute Core","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ST\/P002056\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ST\/P002056\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000271","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000271","name":"Cockcroft Institute Core","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ST\/V001302\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ST\/V001302\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000271","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"STFC-CERN Business Incubation Centre in collaboration with D-Beam Ltd.","award":["ST\/P002056\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ST\/P002056\/1"]}]},{"name":"STFC-CERN Business Incubation Centre in collaboration with D-Beam Ltd.","award":["ST\/V001302\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ST\/V001302\/1"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000271","name":"STFC Follow-on Funding project OASYS","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ST\/P002056\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ST\/P002056\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000271","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000271","name":"STFC Follow-on Funding project OASYS","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ST\/V001302\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ST\/V001302\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000271","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Machine protection systems in high power particle accelerators are crucial. They can detect, prevent, and respond to events which would otherwise cause damage and significant downtime to accelerator infrastructure. Current systems are often resource heavy and operationally expensive, reacting after an event has begun to cause damage; this leads to facilities only covering certain operational modes and setting lower limits on machine performance. Presented here is a new type of machine protection system based upon optical fibres, which would be complementary to existing systems, elevating existing performance. These fibres are laid along an accelerator beam line in lengths of \u223c100 m, providing continuous coverage over this distance. When relativistic particles pass through these fibres, they generate Cherenkov radiation in the optical spectrum. This radiation propagates in both directions along the fibre and can be detected at both ends. A calibration based technique allows the location of the Cherenkov radiation source to be pinpointed to within 0.5 m with a resolution of 1 m. This measurement mechanism, from a single device, has multiple applications within an accelerator facility. These include beam loss location monitoring, RF breakdown prediction, and quench prevention. Detailed here are the application processes and results from measurements, which provide proof of concept for this device for both beam loss monitoring and RF breakdown detection. Furthermore, highlighted are the current challenges for future innovation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23042248","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,17]],"date-time":"2023-02-17T01:32:56Z","timestamp":1676597576000},"page":"2248","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Cherenkov Radiation in Optical Fibres as a Versatile Machine Protection System in Particle Accelerators"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4301-4889","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph","family":"Wolfenden","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, School of Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZE, UK"},{"name":"Cockcroft Institute, Sci-Tech Daresbury, Daresbury WA4 4AD, UK"}]},{"given":"Alexandra S.","family":"Alexandrova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, School of Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZE, UK"},{"name":"Cockcroft Institute, Sci-Tech Daresbury, Daresbury WA4 4AD, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4219-7986","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frank","family":"Jackson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ASTeC\/STFC, Sci-Tech Daresbury, Daresbury WA4 4AD, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6252-0501","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Storm","family":"Mathisen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ASTeC\/STFC, Sci-Tech Daresbury, Daresbury WA4 4AD, UK"}]},{"given":"Geoffrey","family":"Morris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ASTeC\/STFC, Sci-Tech Daresbury, Daresbury WA4 4AD, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4240-5888","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas H.","family":"Pacey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ASTeC\/STFC, Sci-Tech Daresbury, Daresbury WA4 4AD, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0292-8262","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Narender","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, School of Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZE, UK"},{"name":"Cockcroft Institute, Sci-Tech Daresbury, Daresbury WA4 4AD, UK"}]},{"given":"Monika","family":"Yadav","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, School of Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZE, UK"},{"name":"Cockcroft Institute, Sci-Tech Daresbury, Daresbury WA4 4AD, UK"}]},{"given":"Angus","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, School of Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZE, UK"},{"name":"Cockcroft Institute, Sci-Tech Daresbury, Daresbury WA4 4AD, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7085-0973","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carsten P.","family":"Welsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, School of Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZE, UK"},{"name":"Cockcroft Institute, Sci-Tech Daresbury, Daresbury WA4 4AD, UK"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"P11019","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-0221\/16\/11\/P11019","article-title":"Design and behaviour of the Large Hadron Collider external beam dumps capable of receiving 539 MJ dump","volume":"16","author":"Maestre","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. 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