{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T16:40:59Z","timestamp":1776530459702,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,17]],"date-time":"2023-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676592000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Several applications rely on time retrieved from Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), and this pushes for integrity tailored to timing. Integrity information could be broadcast by GNSS itself, but currently, there are no GNSSs providing such integrity information for a timing application. The integrity provided by GNSS itself could not be timely enough for real time users and does not include local effects due to multipath or other local interferences. In order to fill the gap, integrity can be locally\/autonomously computed by the receiver using Timing Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring (T-RAIM) algorithms. Three T-RAIM algorithms have been designed, implemented, and tested; specifically, the algorithms are Forward-Backward (FB), Danish, and Subset. The algorithms are applied to the classical Position Velocity and Timing (PVT) solution and to the time-only case assuming the receiver coordinates are known. Tests using two identical receivers located in different scenarios, open-sky and obstructed, have been carried out to validate the algorithms proposed. The increased redundancy obtained from the knowledge of the receiver coordinates play a fundamental role for the integrity algorithms performance. The benefits of the T-RAIM algorithms activation, in signal degraded conditions, clearly emerged in terms of frequency error and Allan Deviation (ADEV). A small increase of the execution time has been observed when the T-RAIM algorithms are used.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23042283","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,20]],"date-time":"2023-02-20T02:29:08Z","timestamp":1676860148000},"page":"2283","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["T-RAIM Approaches: Testing with Galileo Measurements"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6510-9240","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ciro","family":"Gioia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Researcher, Via Roma 34b, 21020 Brebbia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.1109\/19.668274","article-title":"Clock Stability Characterization and Measurement in Telecommunications","volume":"46","author":"Bregni","year":"1997","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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