{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T19:46:08Z","timestamp":1761767168017,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,18]],"date-time":"2023-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676678400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"European Regional Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1.1.1.2\/VIAA\/3\/19\/414"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1.1.1.2\/VIAA\/3\/19\/414"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Due to the complexity of the fracture mechanisms in composites, monitoring damage using a vibration-based structural response remains a challenging task. This is also complex when considering the physical implementation of a health monitoring system with its numerous uncertainties and constraints, including the presence of measurement noise, changes in boundary and environmental conditions of a tested object, etc. Finally, to balance such a system in terms of efficiency and cost, the sensor network needs to be optimized. The main aim of this study is to develop a cost- and performance-effective data-driven approach to monitor damage in composite structures and validate this approach through tests performed on a physically implemented structural health monitoring (SHM) system. In this study, we combined the mentioned research problems to develop and implement an SHM system to monitor delamination in composite plates using data combined from finite element models and laboratory experiments to ensure robustness to measurement noise with a simultaneous lack of necessity to perform multiple physical experiments. The developed approach allows the implementation of a cost-effective SHM system with validated predictive performance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23042290","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,20]],"date-time":"2023-02-20T02:29:08Z","timestamp":1676860148000},"page":"2290","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Monitoring of Damage in Composite Structures Using an Optimized Sensor Network: A Data-Driven Experimental Approach"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0646-8064","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandris","family":"Ru\u010devskis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Materials and Structures, Riga Technical University, Kipsalas Iela 6A, LV-1048 Riga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7320-5582","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomasz","family":"Rogala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Fundamentals of Machinery Design, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 18A, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9386-5104","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrzej","family":"Katunin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Fundamentals of Machinery Design, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 18A, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2006.1928","article-title":"An introduction to structural health monitoring","volume":"365","author":"Farrar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.1088\/0964-1726\/16\/4\/033","article-title":"Active health monitoring of an aircraft wing with an embedded piezoelectric sensor\/actuator network: II. Wireless approaches","volume":"16","author":"Zhao","year":"2007","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesa.2008.09.015","article-title":"Towards a practical structural health monitoring technology for patched cracks in aircraft structure","volume":"40","author":"Baker","year":"2009","journal-title":"Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stepninski, T., Uhl, T., and Staszewski, W. (2013). Advanced Structural Damage Detection: From Theory to Engineering Applications, John Wiley & Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118536148"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acme.2016.09.005","article-title":"Localizing impact damage of composite structures with modified RAPID algo-rithm and non-circular PZT arrays","volume":"17","author":"Dziendzikowski","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Civ. Mech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qing, X., Li, W., Wang, Y., and Sun, H. (2019). Piezoelectric transducer-based structural health monitoring for aircraft applications. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19030545"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102903","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marstruc.2020.102903","article-title":"Application of embedded fibre Bragg grating sensors for structural health monitoring of complex composite structures for marine applications","volume":"76","author":"Mieloszyk","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mar. Struct."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107082","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlastec.2021.107082","article-title":"Optical fiber sensing for marine environment and marine structural health monitoring: A review","volume":"140","author":"Min","year":"2021","journal-title":"Opt. Laser Technol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1007\/s13349-011-0009-5","article-title":"Vibration-based monitoring of civil infrastructure: Challenges and successes","volume":"1","author":"Brownjohn","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Civ. Struct. Health Monit."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s13349-015-0108-9","article-title":"State-of-the-art in structural health monitoring of large and complex civil infrastructures","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Civ. Struct. Health Monit."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04015072","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0000824","article-title":"Summary review of structural health monitoring applications for highway bridges","volume":"30","author":"Seo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Perform. Constr. Facil."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, J., Tian, G.Y., Marindra, A.M.J., Sunny, A.I., and Zhao, A.B. (2017). A review of passive RFID tag antenna-based sensors and sys-tems for structural health monitoring applications. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17020265"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chakraborty, J., Katunin, A., Klikowicz, P., and Salamak, M. (2019). Early crack detection of reinforced concrete structure using embedded sensors. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19183879"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prostr.2019.08.051","article-title":"Embedded ultrasonic transmission sensors and signal processing techniques for structural change detection in the Gliwice bridge","volume":"17","author":"Chakraborty","year":"2019","journal-title":"Procedia Struct. Integr."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ru\u010devskis, S., Rogala, T., and Katunin, A. (2022). Optimal sensor placement for modal-based health monitoring of a composite structure. Sensors, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/s22103867"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"363","article-title":"Damage detection in laminated composite beam by using vibration data","volume":"11","author":"Rucevskis","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Vibroeng."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2099","DOI":"10.1007\/s00158-018-2024-1","article-title":"Sensor placement optimization applied to laminated composite plates under vibration","volume":"58","author":"Gomes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Struct. Multidiscip. Optim."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advengsoft.2018.02.005","article-title":"An efficient approach for optimal sensor placement and damage identification in laminated composite structures","volume":"119","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Eng. Softw."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1007\/s11029-022-10026-1","article-title":"Statistical structural integrity control of composite structures based on an automatic operational modal analysis\u2014A review","volume":"58","author":"Janeliukstis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mech. Compos. Mater."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cma.2020.113315","article-title":"Systematic sensor placement for structural anomaly detection in the absence of damaged states","volume":"371","author":"Bigoni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108528","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymssp.2021.108528","article-title":"On statistical Multi-Objective optimization of sensor networks and optimal detector derivation for structural health monitoring","volume":"167","author":"Colombo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mech. Syst. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109741","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymssp.2022.109741","article-title":"Model error effects in supervised damage identification of structures with numerically trained classifiers","volume":"184","author":"Seventekidis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mech. Syst. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silionis, N.E., and Anyfantis, K.N. (2023). Data-driven probabilistic quantification and assessment of the prediction error model in damage detection applications. Probabilistic Eng. Mech., 103412.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.probengmech.2023.103412"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.2514\/3.20635","article-title":"Sensor placement for on-orbit modal identification and correlation of large space structures","volume":"14","author":"Kammer","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Guid. Control. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2018.07.034","article-title":"Optimal sensor placement and assessment for modal identification","volume":"165","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ocean Eng."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apm.2018.09.034","article-title":"Optimal sensor placement for spatial lattice structure based on three-dimensional redundancy elimination model","volume":"66","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Math. Model."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsv.2007.05.004","article-title":"The connection between effective independence and modal kinetic energy methods for sensor placement","volume":"305","author":"Li","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Sound Vib."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsv.2008.03.026","article-title":"Optimal sensor placement for spatial lattice structure based on genetic algorithms","volume":"317","author":"Liu","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Sound Vib."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125034","DOI":"10.1088\/0964-1726\/24\/12\/125034","article-title":"Optimal sensor placement in structural health monitoring using discrete optimization","volume":"24","author":"Sun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymssp.2018.04.010","article-title":"Development of a stochastic effective independence (SEFI) method for optimal sensor placement under uncertainty","volume":"111","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mech. Syst. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114863","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2021.114863","article-title":"A methodology for sensor number and placement optimization for vibration-based damagedetection of composite structures under model uncertainty","volume":"279","author":"An","year":"2022","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"149","article-title":"Aggregation functions: A guide for practitioners","volume":"Volume 221","author":"Kacprzyk","year":"2007","journal-title":"Studies in Fuzziness and Soft Compting"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Algolfat, A., Wang, W., and Albarbar, A. (2023). The sensitivity of 5MW wind turbine blade sections to the existence of damage. Energies, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/en16031367"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2012.09.551","article-title":"Modal assurance criterion","volume":"48","author":"Pastor","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Eng."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wesolowski, M., Ruchwa, M., Skukis, E., and Kovalovs, A. (2020). Numerical and experimental extraction of dynamic parameters for pyramidal truss core sandwich beams with laminated face sheets. Materials, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13225199"},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"(2022, December 22). Micro Fiber Composite Properties, Site of Smart Material Manufacture and Developer of Piezoceramic Composites. Available online: https:\/\/www.smart-material.com\/MFC-product-propertiesV2.html."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1080\/10589759.2019.1635594","article-title":"Condition monitoring with defect localisation in a two-dimensional structure based on linear discriminant and nearest neighbour classification of strain features","volume":"35","author":"Janeliukstis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nondestruct. Test. Eval."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Angelov, W.P., At-tanassov, K.T., and Doukovska, L. (2014). Intelligent Systems\u20192014, Proceedings of the 7th IEEE International Conference Intelligent Systems IS\u20192014, 24-26 September, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-11313-5"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/4\/2290\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:35:57Z","timestamp":1760121357000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/4\/2290"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,18]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["s23042290"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s23042290","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,18]]}}}