{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T12:29:48Z","timestamp":1774700988074,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,21]],"date-time":"2023-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676937600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Italian Ministry for University and Research (MUR)","award":["2018-13-HH.0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018-13-HH.0"]}]},{"name":"Italian Ministry for University and Research (MUR)","award":["821896"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["821896"]}]},{"name":"Italian Space Agency (ASI)","award":["2018-13-HH.0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018-13-HH.0"]}]},{"name":"Italian Space Agency (ASI)","award":["821896"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["821896"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018-13-HH.0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018-13-HH.0"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["821896"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["821896"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The High Energy Rapid Modular Ensemble of Satellites (HERMES) is a constellation of 3U nano-satellites for high energy astrophysics. The HERMES nano-satellites\u2019 components have been designed, verified, and tested to detect and localize energetic astrophysical transients, such as short gamma-ray bursts (GRBs), which are the electromagnetic counterparts of gravitational wave events, thanks to novel miniaturized detectors sensitive to X-rays and gamma-rays. The space segment is composed of a constellation of CubeSats in low-Earth orbit (LEO), ensuring an accurate transient localization in a field of view of several steradians exploiting the triangulation technique. To achieve this goal, guaranteeing a solid support to future multi-messenger astrophysics, HERMES shall determine its attitude and orbital states with stringent requirements. The scientific measurements bind the attitude knowledge within 1 deg (1\u03c3a) and the orbital position knowledge within 10 m (1\u03c3o). These performances shall be reached considering the mass, volume, power, and computation constraints of a 3U nano-satellite platform. Thus, an effective sensor architecture for full-attitude determination was developed for the HERMES nano-satellites. The paper describes the hardware typologies and specifications, the configuration on the spacecraft, and the software elements to process the sensors\u2019 data to estimate the full-attitude and orbital states in such a complex nano-satellite mission. The aim of this study was to fully characterize the proposed sensor architecture, highlighting the available attitude and orbit determination performance and discussing the calibration and determination functions to be implemented on-board. The presented results derived from model-in-the-loop (MIL) and hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) verification and testing activities and can serve as useful resources and a benchmark for future nano-satellite missions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23052393","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,22]],"date-time":"2023-02-22T02:08:34Z","timestamp":1677031714000},"page":"2393","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["An Effective Sensor Architecture for Full-Attitude Determination in the HERMES Nano-Satellites"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5687-1639","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Colagrossi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aerospace Science and Technology, Politecnico di Milano, Via Giuseppe La Masa, 34, 20156 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4361-1437","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mich\u00e8le","family":"Lavagna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aerospace Science and Technology, Politecnico di Milano, Via Giuseppe La Masa, 34, 20156 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Bertacin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Via del Politecnico, 00133 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"214","article-title":"The HERMES-technologic and scientific pathfinder","volume":"Volume 11444","author":"Fiore","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Space Telescopes and Instrumentation 2020: Ultraviolet to Gamma Ray"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"241","article-title":"The scientific payload on-board the HERMES-TP and HERMES-SP CubeSat missions","volume":"Volume 11444","author":"Evangelista","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Space Telescopes and Instrumentation 2020: Ultraviolet to Gamma Ray"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"den Herder, J.W.A., Nakazawa, K., and Nikzad, S. 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