{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T16:31:41Z","timestamp":1776529901948,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,23]],"date-time":"2023-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677110400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science and Technology Council","award":["MOST 111-2221-E-130-001-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 111-2221-E-130-001-MY3"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Electroencephalography (EEG) is often used to evaluate several types of neurological brain disorders because of its noninvasive and high temporal resolution. In contrast to electrocardiography (ECG), EEG can be uncomfortable and inconvenient for patients. Moreover, deep-learning techniques require a large dataset and a long time for training from scratch. Therefore, in this study, EEG\u2013EEG or EEG\u2013ECG transfer learning strategies were applied to explore their effectiveness for the training of simple cross-domain convolutional neural networks (CNNs) used in seizure prediction and sleep staging systems, respectively. The seizure model detected interictal and preictal periods, whereas the sleep staging model classified signals into five stages. The patient-specific seizure prediction model with six frozen layers achieved 100% accuracy for seven out of nine patients and required only 40 s of training time for personalization. Moreover, the cross-signal transfer learning EEG\u2013ECG model for sleep staging achieved an accuracy approximately 2.5% higher than that of the ECG model; additionally, the training time was reduced by &gt;50%. In summary, transfer learning from an EEG model to produce personalized models for a more convenient signal can both reduce the training time and increase the accuracy; moreover, challenges such as data insufficiency, variability, and inefficiency can be effectively overcome.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23052458","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,23]],"date-time":"2023-02-23T02:28:57Z","timestamp":1677119337000},"page":"2458","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Cross-Domain Transfer of EEG to EEG or ECG Learning for CNN Classification Models"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Chia-Yen","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ming-Chuan University, Taoyuan 333321, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pin-Chen","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ming-Chuan University, Taoyuan 333321, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wen-Chen","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ming-Chuan University, Taoyuan 333321, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1308","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.57.11.1308","article-title":"Electroencephalography","volume":"57","author":"Binnie","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. 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