{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:55:25Z","timestamp":1760147725441,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,23]],"date-time":"2023-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677110400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Science Researching Plans of Liaoning Provincial Education Department","award":["LJKZ0509","LJKFZ20220203","202242","3122022PT02","2020KYQD123"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LJKZ0509","LJKFZ20220203","202242","3122022PT02","2020KYQD123"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Project of Liaoning Provincial Transportation Department","award":["LJKZ0509","LJKFZ20220203","202242","3122022PT02","2020KYQD123"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LJKZ0509","LJKFZ20220203","202242","3122022PT02","2020KYQD123"]}]},{"name":"Research Foundation for Civil Aviation University of China","award":["LJKZ0509","LJKFZ20220203","202242","3122022PT02","2020KYQD123"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LJKZ0509","LJKFZ20220203","202242","3122022PT02","2020KYQD123"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Due to aerodynamic resistance, aerodynamic noise, and other problems, the further development of traditional high-speed electric multiple units (EMUs) on the open line has been seriously restricted, and the construction of a vacuum pipeline high-speed train system has become a new solution. In this paper, the Improved Detached Eddy Simulation (IDDES) is used to analyze the turbulent characteristics of the near wake region of EMU in vacuum pipes, so as to establish the important relationship between the turbulent boundary layer, wake, and aerodynamic drag energy consumption. The results show that there is a strong vortex in the wake near the tail, which is concentrated at the lower end of the nose near the ground and falls off from the tail. In the process of downstream propagation, it shows symmetrical distribution and develops laterally on both sides. The vortex structure far from the tail car is increasing gradually, but the strength of the vortex is decreasing gradually from the speed characterization. This study can provide guidance for the aerodynamic shape optimization design of the rear of the vacuum EMU train in the future and provide certain reference significance for improving the comfort of passengers and saving the energy consumption caused by the speed increase and length of the train.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23052461","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,23]],"date-time":"2023-02-23T02:57:34Z","timestamp":1677121054000},"page":"2461","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Numerical Simulation and Analysis of Turbulent Characteristics near Wake Area of Vacuum Tube EMU"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Hongjiang","family":"Cui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Locomotive and Rolling Stock Engineering, Dalian Jiaotong University, Dalian 116028, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guanxin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Locomotive and Rolling Stock Engineering, Dalian Jiaotong University, Dalian 116028, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Guan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Locomotive and Rolling Stock Engineering, Dalian Jiaotong University, Dalian 116028, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huimin","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Information and Automation, Civil Aviation University of China, Tianjin 300300, China"},{"name":"Traction Power State Key Laboratory of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2022.11.019","article-title":"Co-evolutionary competitive swarm optimizer with three-phase for large-scale complex optimization problem","volume":"619","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Inf. 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