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Therefore, the surveillance and recognition of sleep postures could facilitate the assessment of OSA. The existing contact-based systems might interfere with sleeping, while camera-based systems introduce privacy concerns. Radar-based systems might overcome these challenges, especially when individuals are covered with blankets. The aim of this research is to develop a nonobstructive multiple ultra-wideband radar sleep posture recognition system based on machine learning models. We evaluated three single-radar configurations (top, side, and head), three dual-radar configurations (top + side, top + head, and side + head), and one tri-radar configuration (top + side + head), in addition to machine learning models, including CNN-based networks (ResNet50, DenseNet121, and EfficientNetV2) and vision transformer-based networks (traditional vision transformer and Swin Transformer V2). Thirty participants (n = 30) were invited to perform four recumbent postures (supine, left side-lying, right side-lying, and prone). Data from eighteen participants were randomly chosen for model training, another six participants\u2019 data (n = 6) for model validation, and the remaining six participants\u2019 data (n = 6) for model testing. The Swin Transformer with side and head radar configuration achieved the highest prediction accuracy (0.808). Future research may consider the application of the synthetic aperture radar technique.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23052475","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,23]],"date-time":"2023-02-23T04:59:44Z","timestamp":1677128384000},"page":"2475","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Vision Transformers (ViT) for Blanket-Penetrating Sleep Posture Recognition Using a Triple Ultra-Wideband (UWB) Radar System"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Derek Ka-Hei","family":"Lai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China"}]},{"given":"Zi-Han","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"}]},{"given":"Tommy Yau-Nam","family":"Leung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China"}]},{"given":"Hyo-Jung","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6563-8177","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andy Yiu-Chau","family":"Tam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China"}]},{"given":"Bryan Pak-Hei","family":"So","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China"}]},{"given":"Ye-Jiao","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5651-9352","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daphne Sze Ki","family":"Cheung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8805-1157","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Duo Wai-Chi","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7446-0569","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James Chung-Wai","family":"Cheung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China"},{"name":"Research Institute of Smart Ageing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2016.07.002","article-title":"Prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea in the general population: A systematic review","volume":"34","author":"Senaratna","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sleep Med. 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