{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T15:26:03Z","timestamp":1772205963272,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,24]],"date-time":"2023-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677196800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Higher Education Science Research and Innovation Policy Council","award":["B05F640218"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B05F640218"]}]},{"name":"National Higher Education Science Research and Innovation Policy Council","award":["00302"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["00302"]}]},{"name":"National Higher Education Science Research and Innovation Policy Council","award":["00401"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["00401"]}]},{"name":"National Higher Education Science Research and Innovation Policy Council","award":["04301"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["04301"]}]},{"name":"National Higher Education Science Research and Innovation Policy Council","award":["04901"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["04901"]}]},{"name":"National Higher Education Science Research and Innovation Policy Council","award":["06001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["06001"]}]},{"name":"National Higher Education Science Research and Innovation Policy Council","award":["JPJ000254"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPJ000254"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Information and Communications Technology","award":["B05F640218"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B05F640218"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Information and Communications Technology","award":["00302"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["00302"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Information and Communications Technology","award":["00401"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["00401"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Information and Communications Technology","award":["04301"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["04301"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Information and Communications Technology","award":["04901"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["04901"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Information and Communications Technology","award":["06001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["06001"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Information and Communications Technology","award":["JPJ000254"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPJ000254"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications of Japan","award":["B05F640218"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B05F640218"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications of Japan","award":["00302"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["00302"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications of Japan","award":["00401"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["00401"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications of Japan","award":["04301"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["04301"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications of Japan","award":["04901"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["04901"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications of Japan","award":["06001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["06001"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications of Japan","award":["JPJ000254"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPJ000254"]}]},{"name":"Chiang Mai University","award":["B05F640218"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B05F640218"]}]},{"name":"Chiang Mai University","award":["00302"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["00302"]}]},{"name":"Chiang Mai University","award":["00401"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["00401"]}]},{"name":"Chiang Mai University","award":["04301"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["04301"]}]},{"name":"Chiang Mai University","award":["04901"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["04901"]}]},{"name":"Chiang Mai University","award":["06001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["06001"]}]},{"name":"Chiang Mai University","award":["JPJ000254"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPJ000254"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Millimeter wave fixed wireless systems in future backhaul and access network applications can be affected by weather conditions. The losses caused by rain attenuation and antenna misalignment due to wind-induced vibrations have greater impacts on the link budget reduction at E-band frequencies and higher. The current International Telecommunications Union Radiocommunication Sector (ITU-R) recommendation has been widely used to estimate rain attenuation, and the recent Asia Pacific Telecommunity (APT) report provides the model to estimate the wind-induced attenuation. This article provides the first experimental study of the combined rain and wind effects in a tropical location using both models at a frequency in the E band (74.625 GHz) and a short distance of 150 m. In addition to using wind speeds for attenuation estimation, the setup also provides direct antenna inclination angle measurements using the accelerometer data. This solves the limitation of relying on the wind speed since the wind-induced loss is dependent on the inclination direction. The results show that the current ITU-R model can be used to estimate the attenuation of a short fixed wireless link under heavy rain, and the addition of wind attenuation via the APT model can estimate the worst-case link budget during high wind speeds.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23052532","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,27]],"date-time":"2023-02-27T02:10:46Z","timestamp":1677463846000},"page":"2532","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Millimeter Wave Attenuation Due to Wind and Heavy Rain in a Tropical Region"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1557-714X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ukrit","family":"Mankong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"},{"name":"Biomedical Engineering Institute, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"},{"name":"Center of Excellence in Quantum Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pakawat","family":"Chamsuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sitthichok","family":"Nakprasert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sangdaun","family":"Potha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zu-Kai","family":"Weng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Koganei 184-8795, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pham Tien","family":"Dat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Koganei 184-8795, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3384-8991","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Atsushi","family":"Kanno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Koganei 184-8795, Japan"},{"name":"Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9724-8878","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tetsuya","family":"Kawanishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Koganei 184-8795, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Electronic and Physical Systems, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan"},{"name":"Waseda Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78729","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2921522","article-title":"Wireless Communications and Applications Above 100 GHz: Opportunities and Challenges for 6G and Beyond","volume":"7","author":"Rappaport","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.001.1900174","article-title":"mmWave IEEE 802.11ay for 5G Fixed Wireless Access","volume":"27","author":"Aldubaikhy","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. 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