{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T07:39:02Z","timestamp":1767339542741,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,25]],"date-time":"2023-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677283200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This research investigates the use of a Binary Phase Shift Key (BPSK) sequence derived from the 192-bit key Advanced Encryption Standard (AES-192) algorithm for radar signal modulation to mitigate Doppler and range ambiguities. The AES-192 BPSK sequence has a non-periodic nature resulting in a single large and narrow main lobe in the matched filter response but also produces undesired periodic side lobes that can be mitigated through the use of a CLEAN algorithm. The performance of the AES-192 BPSK sequence is compared to an Ipatov\u2013Barker Hybrid BPSK code, which effectively extends the maximum unambiguous range but has some limitations in terms of signal processing requirements. The AES-192 based BPSK sequence has the advantage of having no maximum unambiguous range limit, and when the pulse location within the Pulse Repetition Interval (PRI) is randomized, the upper limit on the maximum unambiguous Doppler frequency shift is greatly extended.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23052568","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,27]],"date-time":"2023-02-27T02:10:46Z","timestamp":1677463846000},"page":"2568","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Reduction of Doppler and Range Ambiguity Using AES-192 Encryption-Based Pulse Coding"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5094-5588","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luke","family":"Kamrath","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Auburn University, 200 Broun Hall, Auburn, AL 36849, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7044-3152","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Baginski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Auburn University, 200 Broun Hall, Auburn, AL 36849, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7171-3399","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Scott","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"An Advanced Scheme for Range Ambiguity Suppression of Spaceborne SAR Based on Blind Source Separation","volume":"60","author":"Chang","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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(2011). Multitarget Tracking with Doppler Ambiguity. [Master\u2019s Thesis, McMaster University]."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, Y., Wang, Y., Liao, G., and Li, J. (2022). Mitigating Range Ambiguity Method Based on DDMA for SAR Systems. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14215485"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2009.5089550","article-title":"Mitigating Range Ambiguity in High PRF Radar using Inter-Pulse Binary Coding","volume":"45","author":"Levanon","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Kamrath, L.J. (2021). Ambiguous Energy Suppression in Encryption Derived Pseudo-Random BPSK Radar Signals. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Auburn University]."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kamrath, L., Baginski, M., and Martin, S. (2021, January 15\u201317). Mitigation of Range Ambiguity via Encrypted Radar Pulse Coding. 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Syst."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/5\/2568\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:42:34Z","timestamp":1760121754000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/5\/2568"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,25]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]}},"alternative-id":["s23052568"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s23052568","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,25]]}}}