{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T02:32:35Z","timestamp":1783391555925,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,27]],"date-time":"2023-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677456000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CMMI-1750316"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMMI-1750316"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In order to achieve effective monitoring of concrete structures for sound structural health, the addition of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) into cementitious materials offers a promising solution for fabricating CNT-modified smart concrete with self-sensing ability. This study investigated the influences of CNT dispersion method, water\/cement (W\/C) ratio, and concrete constituents on the piezoelectric properties of CNT-modified cementitious materials. Three CNT dispersion methods (direct mixing, sodium dodecyl benzenesulfonate (NaDDBS) and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) surface treatment), three W\/C ratios (0.4, 0.5, and 0.6), and three concrete constituent compositions (pure cement, cement\/sand, and cement\/sand\/coarse aggregate) were considered. The experimental results showed that CNT-modified cementitious materials with CMC surface treatment had valid and consistent piezoelectric responses to external loading. The piezoelectric sensitivity improved significantly with increased W\/C ratio and reduced progressively with the addition of sand and coarse aggregates.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23052602","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,27]],"date-time":"2023-02-27T02:15:37Z","timestamp":1677464137000},"page":"2602","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Influences of CNT Dispersion Methods, W\/C Ratios, and Concrete Constituents on Piezoelectric Properties of CNT-Modified Smart Cementitious Materials"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Tofatun","family":"Jannat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhi","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0277-6342","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dawei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1080\/20550324.2015.1113639","article-title":"The use of carbon nanotubes for damage sensing and structural health monitoring in laminated composites: A review","volume":"1","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nanocomposites"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2008.05.016","article-title":"Carbon Nanotube-Based Health Monitoring of Mechanically Fastened Composite Joints","volume":"68","author":"Thostenson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Compos. 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