{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T00:23:39Z","timestamp":1783038219908,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,27]],"date-time":"2023-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677456000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation","award":["3214058"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3214058"]}]},{"name":"Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation","award":["XDA14040201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XDA14040201"]}]},{"name":"Strategic Priority Research Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["3214058"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3214058"]}]},{"name":"Strategic Priority Research Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["XDA14040201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XDA14040201"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents the common methods and corresponding drawbacks concerning nonlinear analysis of fluxgate excitation circuits and emphasizes the importance of nonlinear analysis for these circuits. With regard to the nonlinearity of the excitation circuit, this paper proposes the use of the core-measured hysteresis curve for mathematical analysis and the use of a nonlinear model that considers the coupling effect of the core and winding and influence of the historical magnetic field on the core for simulation analysis. The feasibility of mathematical calculations and simulation for the nonlinear study of fluxgate excitation circuit is verified via experiments. The results demonstrate that, in this regard, the simulation is four times better than a mathematical calculation. The simulation and experimental results of the excitation current and voltage waveforms under different excitation circuit parameters and structures are essentially consistent, with a difference in current of no more than 1 mA, thereby verifying the effectiveness of the nonlinear excitation analysis method.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23052618","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,28]],"date-time":"2023-02-28T02:01:51Z","timestamp":1677549711000},"page":"2618","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Study of Nonlinear Excitation Circuits for Fluxgate Magnetometer"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6285-7091","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chenhao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Information Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiming","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Information Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuhong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Information Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongyan","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Information Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1109\/5.56910","article-title":"A review of magnetic sensors","volume":"78","author":"Lenz","year":"1990","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2101040","DOI":"10.1002\/adem.202101040","article-title":"Fabrication advancements in integrated fluxgate sensors: A mini review","volume":"24","author":"Savarapu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Eng. Mater."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1007\/s11214-020-00766-8","article-title":"The Chinese Mars rover fluxgate magnetometers","volume":"216","author":"Du","year":"2020","journal-title":"Space Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2552","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2019.2949205","article-title":"1-pt noise fluxgate magnetometer for geomagnetic measurements and unshielded magnetocardiography","volume":"69","author":"Janosek","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112213","DOI":"10.1007\/s11432-015-5465-9","article-title":"Output performance optimization for RTD fluxgate sensor based on dynamic permeability","volume":"59","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. China Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169981","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmmm.2022.169981","article-title":"Sensitivity and Noise of Parallel Fluxgate Sensor with Amorphous Wire Cores","volume":"563","author":"Hrakova","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Magn. Magn. Mater."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/TMAG.2019.2894302","article-title":"Low-Noise Orthogonal Fluxgate Using Flipped Current Joule Annealing","volume":"55","author":"Butta","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Magn."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.5194\/gi-8-227-2019","article-title":"Low-noise permalloy ring cores for fluxgate magnetometers","volume":"8","author":"Miles","year":"2019","journal-title":"Geosci. Instrum. Method Data Syst."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"1","article-title":"Coil optimization in a fluxgate magnetometer with Co\u2086\u2088.\u2082Fe\u2084.\u2083Si\u2081\u2082.\u2085B\u2081\u2085 amorphous wire cores for geomagnetic station observation","volume":"70","author":"Yan","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schoinas, S., El Guamra, A.-M., Moreillon, F., and Passeraub, P. (2020). Fabrication and Characterization of a Flexible Fluxgate Sensor with Pad-Printed Solenoid Coils. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20082275"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2018.03.007","article-title":"Noise Analysis and Improvement of a Micro-Electro-Mechanical-Systems Fluxgate Sensor","volume":"122","author":"Lei","year":"2018","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yuan, K., Du, A., Zhao, L., Sun, S., Feng, X., Zhang, C., Zhang, Y., and Qin, H. (2022). Ring-Core Fluxgate Sensor for High Operation Temperatures up to 220 \u00b0C. Micromachines, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/mi13122158"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2150606","DOI":"10.1142\/S0217984921506065","article-title":"A method to reduce excitation circuit noise of fluxgate sensor","volume":"36","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mod. Phys. Lett. B"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1109\/20.706529","article-title":"Fluxgate: Tuned vs. untuned output","volume":"34","author":"Ripka","year":"1998","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Magn."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7876","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2016.2604576","article-title":"A Quantitative Model for the Sensitivity of Untuned Voltage Output Fluxgate Sensors","volume":"16","author":"Ye","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-smt.2013.0005","article-title":"SPICE circuit model of voltage excitation fluxgate sensor","volume":"7","author":"Yang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Iet. Sci. Meas. Technol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shen, X., Teng, Y., and Hu, X. (2021). Design of a Low-Cost Small-Size Fluxgate Sensor. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21196598"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2705","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2018.2797961","article-title":"Fundamental Mode Orthogonal Fluxgate Magnetometer Applicable for Measurements of DC and Low-Frequency Magnetic Fields","volume":"18","author":"Murata","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"P05007","article-title":"Excitation module for orthogonal fundamental mode fluxgate sensor","volume":"15","author":"Song","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Inst."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1109\/43.75630","article-title":"Nonlinear transformer model for circuit simulation","volume":"10","author":"Chan","year":"1991","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Comput. Aided Des. Integr. Circuits Syst."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/5\/2618\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:43:48Z","timestamp":1760121828000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/5\/2618"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,27]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]}},"alternative-id":["s23052618"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s23052618","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.20944\/preprints202302.0121.v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,27]]}}}