{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T14:51:28Z","timestamp":1778079088316,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,27]],"date-time":"2023-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677456000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Advances in nanotechnology have enabled the creation of novel materials with specific electrical and physical characteristics. This leads to a significant development in the industry of electronics that can be applied in various fields. In this paper, we propose a fabrication of nanotechnology-based materials that can be used to design stretchy piezoelectric nanofibers for energy harvesting to power connected bio-nanosensors in a Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN). The bio-nanosensors are powered based on harvested energy from mechanical movements of the body, specifically the arms, joints, and heartbeats. A suite of these nano-enriched bio-nanosensors can be used to form microgrids for a self-powered wireless body area network (SpWBAN), which can be used in various sustainable health monitoring services. A system model for an SpWBAN with an energy harvesting-based medium access control protocol is presented and analyzed based on fabricated nanofibers with specific characteristics. The simulation results show that the SpWBAN outperforms and has a longer lifetime than contemporary WBAN system designs without self-powering capability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23052633","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,28]],"date-time":"2023-02-28T02:01:51Z","timestamp":1677549711000},"page":"2633","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Nano-Enriched Self-Powered Wireless Body Area Network for Sustainable Health Monitoring Services"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7138-4721","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bassem","family":"Mokhtar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information Technology, United Arab Emirates University, Abu Dhabi 15551, United Arab Emirates"},{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21544, Egypt"},{"name":"Center of Smart Materials, Nanotechnology and Photonics (CSMNP), Smart CI Research Center, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21544, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4153-8133","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ishac","family":"Kandas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Smart Materials, Nanotechnology and Photonics (CSMNP), Smart CI Research Center, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21544, Egypt"},{"name":"Department of Engineering Mathematics and Physics, Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21544, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5670-5040","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed","family":"Gamal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Smart Materials, Nanotechnology and Photonics (CSMNP), Smart CI Research Center, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21544, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7243-8149","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nada","family":"Omran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Smart Materials, Nanotechnology and Photonics (CSMNP), Smart CI Research Center, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21544, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahmed H.","family":"Hassanin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Smart Materials, Nanotechnology and Photonics (CSMNP), Smart CI Research Center, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21544, Egypt"},{"name":"Department of Textile Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21544, Egypt"},{"name":"Wilson College of Textiles, NC State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2913-4825","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nader","family":"Shehata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Smart Materials, Nanotechnology and Photonics (CSMNP), Smart CI Research Center, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21544, Egypt"},{"name":"Department of Engineering Mathematics and Physics, Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21544, Egypt"},{"name":"Kuwait College of Science and Technology (KCST), Doha Superior Rd, Jahraa 13133, Kuwait"},{"name":"USTAR Bioinnovations Center, Faculty of Science, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84341, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-0003-2-6","article-title":"A wireless body area network of intelligent motion sensors for computer assisted physical rehabilitation","volume":"2","author":"Jovanov","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. 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